Gen Psych Exam 5- Cedarville University Dr. DeWitt

Motivation

need or desire that energizes behavior

Instinct

complex behavior that is unlearned with a fixed pattern

Drive

aroused state coming from an underlying need

Drive Reduction Theory

when a physiological need increases, so does our psychological drive to reduce it

Homeostasis

balanced, constant internal state

Incentive

positive/negative stimulus that motivates behavior

Arousal Theory

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

Sensation Seekers

motivated by a drive to master emotion and actions (risk takers)

Grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal only to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Belonging

a central human motivation to form close, enduring relationships

Affiliation Need

the need to build relationships and feel part of a group

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

When someone experiences Ostracism...

it elicits increased activity in the brain that activate when one experiences physical pain. Psychologically, we experience social pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks physical pain

Circumstances dissolving social ties

-unfaithfulness

-no communication

-misdeed

Social Effects of Social Networking

-supportive connections

-provides information

-time/attention-sucking distraction

-interfere with sleep + exercise + face-to-face relationships

-FOMO

-comparing ourselves to others

-promotes narcissism

-increased time online associated with decreased grades

Maintaining Focus and Balance

-monitor time

-monitor your time

-hide distracting online friends

-when studying, silence phone + check 1x/hour

-social media fast

-refocus by taking a nature walk

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, attaining a high standard

Intrinsic Motivation

behavior performed for mere satisfaction (internally driven)

Extrinsic Motivation

behavior performed for rewards or to avoid punishment (external consequences)

High Need for Achieving (characteristics)

-persistent

-eager

-motivated

-self-disciplined

Low Need for Achieving

-passive

-lazy

-unmotivated

-undisciplined

Glucose

blood sugar that provides energy for the body

Insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas that influences appetite

Basal Metabolic Rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Hypothalamus

structure in the brain monitoring internal bodily state

Set Point

point at which your "weight thermostat" is set-stable weight

_______ glucose levels+______ insulin levels=______

decrease, increase, HUNGER

Situational Influences on Eating

-arousal appetite

-friends + food

-serving size is significant

-selections stimulate

-nudging nutrition

Obesisty

BMI of 30 or more

Anorexia

person is significantly underweight yet feels fat, starving oneself to dangerously low levels

Bulimia

repeated binge/purge episodes by overeating followed by vomiting or use of laxatives

4 Main Issues with Eating Disorders

-perfectionistic

-intensely concerned how others perceive them

-not viewing self as God views them

-control issue

James-Lang theory of emotion

we feel emotion after our body's response

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

we feel emotion when our bodies respond (simultaneously)

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

How to decipher people's emotions

-body language

-facial expressions

-tone of voice

5 characteristics of a good listener

-Sit squarely

-Open stance

-Lean in

-Eye contact

-Remain relaxed

Fear

-preoccupy thoughts

-rob us of sleep

-torment us

Anger

a short madness that carries the mind away and can be many times more hurtful than the injury that caused it

Physical effects of chronic anger

-high blood pressure

-increased risk of heart disease

-increased anxiety

-increased headaches

-decrease immune system

Chronic Anger + Depression

increases the risk of heart disease

Happy Person

-perceive world as safer

-make decisions more easily

-greater satisfaction with one's whole life

Gloomy Person

-perceive world as a mess

-little decisions become big decisions

-one's whole life seems depressing

Stress

process by which we appraise and respond to threatening/challenging events

Stressors

things that push our buttons-a challenge or event

Stress Reactions

physical and emotional responses

Stress Appraisal

a psychological filter through which we perceive events in life

Types of Stressors: catastrophe

unpredictable large-scale events

Types of Stressors: significant life changes

life transitions

Type of Stressors: daily hassels

everyday annoyances

Response to Stress

-fight or flight

-rest and digest

-tend and befriend

Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome

-Alarm Reaction-SNS activated

-Resistance-adrenaline, BP, and body temp increase

-Exhaustion-more vulnerable to illness

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neurological, and endocrine processes work together to affect the immune system

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another

An Attribution

mental process people use to explain their behavior or the behavior of others

Attribution Theory

explaining one's behavior attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations

Fundamental Attribution Error

when analyzing others' behaviors, the tendency to overestimate their personality traits and underestimate the impact of the situation

Attitude

beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events and guide our behavior

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Social Norms

rules for socially accepted and expected behavior

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or standard

Chameleon Effect

unconsciously imitating others' expressions, postures, and voice tones

Mood Linkage

tendency to absorb and participate in the prevailing mood of people around

Social Facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Social Loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal, than when individually accountable

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint when in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Group Polarization

strengthening a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group

Groupthink

occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members

Bystander Effect

tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the emergency is being observed by several other people

Self-Serving Bias

tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors

Self-Handicapping

a strategy of creating obstacles to one's performance, so that future anticipated failure can be blamed on the obstacle rather than lack of one's ability