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what do prokaryotes use to bring in molecules
diffusion
T/F: prokaryotes do not have organelles
T
how are viruses and creons categorized
non-living, replicating organic particles
why is there so much information on bacteria
causes the most issue to humans
what are categorized under prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
categories of eukarya
animali, fungi, plants, protists
how many domains are there
3, but 2 with newer research coming out
what is the LUCA idea
2 domains: bacteria and archaea, (last unknown common ancestor)
what are the 3 domains of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
why do we argue how many domains there are
constantly changing due to more discoveries
prokaryotic cell
first living thing (no nucleus)
what consists of prokaryote
organize genome, circular chromosome, no membrane enclosed DNA, flagella like a boat propeller
analogous
similar function, but different evolutionary history
do eukaryote use diffusion
yes, but have specialized function within cell (organelles)
endomembrane
system with 4 interacting networks
what is contained in nucleus
chromatin (DNA) and nucleolus
function of the nucleolus
make ribosomal RNA
function of ribosomal RNA
help assemble ribosomes and to transcribe
what does smooth ER synthesis
lipids
what does rough ER synthsis
protein
what do plant cells have that humans don’t
central vacuole and cell wall
function of endomembrane system
packaging and production
order of endomembrane system
outer nucleus membrane —> rough ER/ smooth ER —> vesicle —> fuse with CIS golgi —> golgi app —> trans golgi
the cis golgi faces _____ and the trans golgi faces _____
toward nucleus, toward cell membrane
function of golgi apparatus
pack protein, store protein, and protein modification (target movement of protein)
nuclear pore complex
how things move in and out of nucleus
____ happens in nucleus and _____ happens in cytosol/ RER
transcription, translation
transcription
transcribe gene
translation
using mRNA as blueprint for protein
describe the structure and interaction of a ribosome
bigger top part with a smaller top part that (hamburger) that are separate until mRNA leaves nucleus
what determines where ribosomes will go in the cells
final destination
_____ and _____ happen in RER
crossing, embedded
exocytosis
vesicle fuse then leave membrane
central vacuole
water inside then the turgor pressure gives pressure in plants to “stand”
T/F: semiautonomous organelles cannot replicate itself
F, can replicate
_____ and ____ are the most well known semiautonomous organelles
chloroplast, mitchondria
semiautonomous organelles depend on ______ for _____ proteins coded in nuclear envelope
cell, some
what explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplast
endosymbiosis
anaerobic need or don’t need O2
don’t need
explain how endosymbiosis benefits for early mitochondria and chloroplast
the larger anaerobic organism gets energy where the smaller organelle gets food and protection
how to tell prokaryote
DNA based genome and same function
mitochondria have what _____ membrane
intermembrane
intermembrane
in between outer and inner
mitochondria matrix
liquid stuff inside
explain what mitochondria do to make ATP
use O2 as final e- acceptor
where is O2
chloroplast
what is the thylakoid membrane, what is in it, and what characteristic does it give
stacks of chloroplast that make plant green
what makes up majority of cytoskeleton
actin and microtubules
characteristics of multicellular organisms
diff. cells that have specialized functions, consists of more than one cell, cells adhere to another, tissue formation
binary fission
how bacteria and archaea cells divide
explain the steps of binary fission
1 cell, DNA hook on to opp. sides, start to pull away, each daughter cell gets a copy of DNA
mitosis is the division of ______
nucleolus
what is the actual process of “split cell”
cytokinesis
what is the longest phase in mitosis
interphase
list and describe the phases of interphase
G1 and G2 are growth and make more mitochondria, S is DNA synthesis
where does mitosis actually happen
mitotic phase
why are checkpoint important in cell division
ensure everything is going according to plan, DNA is good
why are cancer cells so harmful
no checkpoint for cell to double check itself so keeps copying bad information
diffusion
higher conc —> low conc
facilitated diffusion
channel helps move from high to low
active transport
cost energy, low —> high, against concentration gradiant
what is selective membrane and what does it regulate
permeable, what molecules go in and out of the cell
is butter a saturated or unsaturated fat and why
saturated because it is solid at room temp due to the fatty tails being straight
what are highly permeable molecules
small uncharged polar molecules
what are moderatly permeable molecules
H2O and urea
what are low permeable molecules
polar, organic molecules
what are very low permeable molecules
charged, polar and macromoles
what does cholesterol depend on
temperature
T/F: unsaturated fats are less fluid due to their bent tails
F, more fluid due to bent leg
having a long chain of fatty acids provide _____
structure
for a polar bears paw, would we want less or more cholesterol, why
less, more viscous
______ and _____ can move (laterally or horizontally) with layer
proteins and phospholipids, laterally
phospholipids constantly move, so….
freely move amongst each other
in a membrane structure what is the primary function of protein
receptor for signaling
what prevents molecules entering bilayer
nonpolar tails
5 things all cells have
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA based sequence, ATP for energy
function of cell membrane
maintain internal structure
function of cytoplasm
liquid inside cell surrounding organelles
function of ribosomes
machines used to build protein
what is DNA based sequence made of
4 building blocks, same structure
function of ATP
help cell do work
cell theory
all living things made of cells
anteparallel
number in DNA sequence go in opp. directions (5-3, 3-5)
how are nucleotides held together in DNA
H- bonds
main function of RNA
protein synthesis (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)
which is more flexible: DNA or RNA, why
RNA, ribbon shaped
shape of DNA
2 long polypeptide round around another in a helix shape
what stabilizes DNA
H
is RNA more stable then DNA, why or why not
less stable and more reactive due to OH
what element is used a lot in nucleic acid structure
N
3 main parts of a nucleic acid structure
nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate
5 factor for protein folding and stabilizing
H- bond, ionic bonding, hydrophobic efficiency, van de waals, and disulfide bridges
disulfide bridges are held together by…
covalent bonds
primary
linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
secondary
repeating pattern determined by chemical and physical
examples of secondary
helix and beta sheet
example of primary
AA sequence of protein
tertiary
complex 3D shape of protein
what level determines function
tertiary
quaternary
multiple polymer that come together to form 3D structure
