Bio 116 exam 1

what do prokaryotes use to bring in molecules

diffusion

T/F: prokaryotes do not have organelles

T

how are viruses and creons categorized

non-living, replicating organic particles

why is there so much information on bacteria

causes the most issue to humans

what are categorized under prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

categories of eukarya

animali, fungi, plants, protists

how many domains are there

3, but 2 with newer research coming out

what is the LUCA idea

2 domains: bacteria and archaea, (last unknown common ancestor)

what are the 3 domains of life

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

why do we argue how many domains there are

constantly changing due to more discoveries

prokaryotic cell

first living thing (no nucleus)

what consists of prokaryote

organize genome, circular chromosome, no membrane enclosed DNA, flagella like a boat propeller

analogous

similar function, but different evolutionary history

do eukaryote use diffusion

yes, but have specialized function within cell (organelles)

endomembrane

system with 4 interacting networks

what is contained in nucleus

chromatin (DNA) and nucleolus

function of the nucleolus

make ribosomal RNA

function of ribosomal RNA

help assemble ribosomes and to transcribe

what does smooth ER synthesis

lipids

what does rough ER synthsis

protein

what do plant cells have that humans don’t

central vacuole and cell wall

function of endomembrane system

packaging and production

order of endomembrane system

outer nucleus membrane —> rough ER/ smooth ER —> vesicle —> fuse with CIS golgi —> golgi app —> trans golgi

the cis golgi faces _____ and the trans golgi faces _____

toward nucleus, toward cell membrane

function of golgi apparatus

pack protein, store protein, and protein modification (target movement of protein)

nuclear pore complex

how things move in and out of nucleus

____ happens in nucleus and _____ happens in cytosol/ RER

transcription, translation

transcription

transcribe gene

translation

using mRNA as blueprint for protein

describe the structure and interaction of a ribosome

bigger top part with a smaller top part that (hamburger) that are separate until mRNA leaves nucleus

what determines where ribosomes will go in the cells

final destination

_____ and _____ happen in RER

crossing, embedded

exocytosis

vesicle fuse then leave membrane

central vacuole

water inside then the turgor pressure gives pressure in plants to “stand”

T/F: semiautonomous organelles cannot replicate itself

F, can replicate

_____ and ____ are the most well known semiautonomous organelles

chloroplast, mitchondria

semiautonomous organelles depend on ______ for _____ proteins coded in nuclear envelope

cell, some

what explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplast

endosymbiosis

anaerobic need or don’t need O2

don’t need

explain how endosymbiosis benefits for early mitochondria and chloroplast

the larger anaerobic organism gets energy where the smaller organelle gets food and protection

how to tell prokaryote

DNA based genome and same function

mitochondria have what _____ membrane

intermembrane

intermembrane

in between outer and inner

mitochondria matrix

liquid stuff inside

explain what mitochondria do to make ATP

use O2 as final e- acceptor

where is O2

chloroplast

what is the thylakoid membrane, what is in it, and what characteristic does it give

stacks of chloroplast that make plant green

what makes up majority of cytoskeleton

actin and microtubules

characteristics of multicellular organisms

diff. cells that have specialized functions, consists of more than one cell, cells adhere to another, tissue formation

binary fission

how bacteria and archaea cells divide

explain the steps of binary fission

1 cell, DNA hook on to opp. sides, start to pull away, each daughter cell gets a copy of DNA

mitosis is the division of ______

nucleolus

what is the actual process of “split cell”

cytokinesis

what is the longest phase in mitosis

interphase

list and describe the phases of interphase

G1 and G2 are growth and make more mitochondria, S is DNA synthesis

where does mitosis actually happen

mitotic phase

why are checkpoint important in cell division

ensure everything is going according to plan, DNA is good

why are cancer cells so harmful

no checkpoint for cell to double check itself so keeps copying bad information

diffusion

higher conc —> low conc

facilitated diffusion

channel helps move from high to low

active transport

cost energy, low —> high, against concentration gradiant

what is selective membrane and what does it regulate

permeable, what molecules go in and out of the cell

is butter a saturated or unsaturated fat and why

saturated because it is solid at room temp due to the fatty tails being straight

what are highly permeable molecules

small uncharged polar molecules

what are moderatly permeable molecules

H2O and urea

what are low permeable molecules

polar, organic molecules

what are very low permeable molecules

charged, polar and macromoles

what does cholesterol depend on

temperature

T/F: unsaturated fats are less fluid due to their bent tails

F, more fluid due to bent leg

having a long chain of fatty acids provide _____

structure

for a polar bears paw, would we want less or more cholesterol, why

less, more viscous

______ and _____ can move (laterally or horizontally) with layer

proteins and phospholipids, laterally

phospholipids constantly move, so….

freely move amongst each other

in a membrane structure what is the primary function of protein

receptor for signaling

what prevents molecules entering bilayer

nonpolar tails

5 things all cells have

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA based sequence, ATP for energy

function of cell membrane

maintain internal structure

function of cytoplasm

liquid inside cell surrounding organelles

function of ribosomes

machines used to build protein

what is DNA based sequence made of

4 building blocks, same structure

function of ATP

help cell do work

cell theory

all living things made of cells

anteparallel

number in DNA sequence go in opp. directions (5-3, 3-5)

how are nucleotides held together in DNA

H- bonds

main function of RNA

protein synthesis (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)

which is more flexible: DNA or RNA, why

RNA, ribbon shaped

shape of DNA

2 long polypeptide round around another in a helix shape

what stabilizes DNA

H

is RNA more stable then DNA, why or why not

less stable and more reactive due to OH

what element is used a lot in nucleic acid structure

N

3 main parts of a nucleic acid structure

nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate

5 factor for protein folding and stabilizing

H- bond, ionic bonding, hydrophobic efficiency, van de waals, and disulfide bridges

disulfide bridges are held together by…

covalent bonds

primary

linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein

secondary

repeating pattern determined by chemical and physical

examples of secondary

helix and beta sheet

example of primary

AA sequence of protein

tertiary

complex 3D shape of protein

what level determines function

tertiary

quaternary

multiple polymer that come together to form 3D structure