Muscle exam pt.4

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50 Terms

1
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What is oxygen debt?

The extra oxygen needed after exercise for recovery processes.

2
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Name four things that must occur for a muscle to return to resting state.

Replenish O₂, convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid, restore glycogen, resynthesize ATP and creatine phosphate.

3
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What happens to lactic acid after exercise?

It's converted back into pyruvic acid in the liver.

4
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Why do muscles need more oxygen after intense exercise?

To repay oxygen debt and restore normal metabolic conditions.

5
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What molecule must be resynthesized using oxygen after exercise?

ATP.

6
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Where is glycogen stored in the body?

In muscle fibers and the liver.

7
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What percent of energy from muscle activity is used for work?

About 40%.

8
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What percent of muscle activity energy is released as heat?

About 60%.

9
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How does the body prevent overheating during exercise?

Heat is lost through skin radiation and sweating.

10
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What is the main reason body temperature rises during physical activity?

Inefficiency of ATP use—most energy becomes heat.

11
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What factors affect the force of muscle contraction?

Number of fibers activated, muscle size, and stretch length.

12
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How does muscle fiber stretch affect contraction strength?

Optimal strength occurs at 80–120% of resting length.

13
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What effect does increased muscle fiber recruitment have?

Stronger contraction.

14
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How does muscle size influence contraction force?

Larger muscles produce more force.

15
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Why does overstretching a muscle reduce contraction force?

Myofilaments overlap less, reducing crossbridge formation.

16
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What determines a fiber’s speed of contraction?

The speed at which ATPase enzymes split ATP.

17
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What are the two main factors used to classify muscle fibers?

Contraction speed and ATP-forming pathway.

18
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What are the three types of muscle fibers?

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic.

19
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What is a characteristic of slow oxidative fibers?

Fatigue-resistant, contract slowly.

20
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Which fibers have high myoglobin and many mitochondria?

Slow oxidative fibers.

21
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What type of respiration do oxidative fibers use?

Aerobic respiration.

22
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Which muscle fiber type is best for endurance activities?

Slow oxidative fibers.

23
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Which fibers are moderately fatigue-resistant?

Fast oxidative fibers.

24
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What kind of activities use fast oxidative fibers?

Sprinting and walking.

25
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What characterizes fast glycolytic fibers?

Quick contractions and easy fatigue.

26
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Which fibers have few mitochondria and little myoglobin?

Fast glycolytic fibers.

27
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What energy system do fast glycolytic fibers primarily use?

Anaerobic glycolysis.

28
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What does aerobic exercise do to capillaries?

Increases the number around muscle fibers.

29
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How does aerobic exercise affect mitochondria?

Increases their number.

30
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What is the effect of aerobic exercise on myoglobin?

Increases its content in muscle cells.

31
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What performance benefit does aerobic exercise give?

Increases endurance and resistance to fatigue.

32
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Does aerobic training significantly increase muscle size?

No, there's little hypertrophy.

33
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What is muscle hypertrophy?

Increase in muscle size.

34
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What causes hypertrophy during resistance exercise?

Enlargement of existing fibers, not increased fiber number.

35
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What cellular components increase in hypertrophied muscles?

Myofibrils, mitochondria, myoglobin, and glycogen stores.

36
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What happens to connective tissue in hypertrophied muscle?

It increases.

37
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What type of exercise leads to hypertrophy?

Resistance training (e.g., weight lifting).

38
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Does resistance training affect fiber number?

No, it affects size only.

39
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What is the shape of smooth muscle cells?

Spindle-shaped.

40
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Do smooth muscles have striations?

No, they are non-striated.

41
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Where is smooth muscle found?

In walls of hollow organs (except the heart).

42
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What connective tissue is found in smooth muscle?

Endomysium only.

43
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What are the two layers of smooth muscle?

Longitudinal and circular。

44
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What are the two types of smooth muscle?

Single-unit (visceral) and multiunit.

45
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Where is single-unit smooth muscle found?

In hollow organs and small blood vessels.

46
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What type of smooth muscle is autorhythmic and has gap junctions?

Single-unit smooth muscle.

47
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What does single-unit smooth muscle do?

Contracts as a unit, often rhythmically.

48
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Where is multiunit smooth muscle found?

Large arteries, airways, arrector pili muscles, and eyes.

49
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Does multiunit smooth muscle contract as a unit?

No, individual fibers contract independently.

50
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How are multiunit smooth muscle fibers activated?

Each fiber has its own motor neuron ending.