Lab 04: Archaeplastids

Rhodophyta

red algae

rhodophyta (red algae) characteristics

• lack flagella

• mostly multi-celled, some single-celled

  • red color from phycoerythrin+phycocyanin

Chlorophyta (green algae) characteristics

• green algae

• pigments chlorophyll a+b

• alternation of generations

• use cellulose for cell wall

• single-celled, multi-celled, and colonial

• multi-celled have filamentous, branched, or foliose body shape

Charophyte characteristics

• show characteristics of allowing plants to live on land

  • sporopollenin; provides protective coating around zygotes

Embryophyta characteristics

• monophyletic grouping within archaeplastids

• multi-celled

• Land plants

gametangia

• sex organ or cell in which gametes are produced

• archegonium+antheridium

  • haploid structures

sporangia

• enclosure in which spores are formed

• located on undersides of leaves, in flowers, sides of stems

  • typically yellow/orange in color

microsporangium

• found in anther (MALE gametangia)

• microsporangium>microsporocyte>microspores

megasporangium

• commonly known as the ovules, is a small structure that is attached to the placenta using a stalk called a funicle

• megasporanium>megasporocyte>megaspores

meristem

• the tip of roots and shoots and in between the xylem and phloem

  • regions of unspecialized cells in plants that are capable of cell division

• helps the plant increase in length or vertical growth

xylem

• transport water upward from the roots to parts of the plants such as stems and leaves, but also transports nutrients

  • “X”, does NOT transport sugar

  • larger cells in vascular tissue

phloem

• transports photosynthetically prepared food materials from the leaves to the storage organs and later from storage organs to the growing regions of the plant body

  • DOES transport sugar

  • smaller cells in vascular tissue

mesophyll

• main site of photosynthesis in plants

• middle layer of cells located between the epidermal layers of a leaf

  • appear as columnar cells

guard cells

• specialized cells within the plant epidermis that form the stomatal pores that are responsible for the exchange of gasses into and out of leaves and thus, plants as a whole

  • located around stomata

stomata

• microscopic pores in plants that allow for gas exchange and other physiological functions

cuticle

• waxy film that protects the outermost layer of a plant's leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits

  • to prevent the evaporation of the water from the outer epidermal surface

Moss groups

Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta

Fern groups

Pteridophyta, Lycopodiophyta

Gymnosperm (cone plant) groups

Pinophyta, Cycadophyta, Gingkophyta

Angiosperm (flowering plants) groups

Magnoliophyta

Bryophyta characteristics

• non-vascular, mosses

• tiny leaves+low to ground

• green part lowest to ground; gametophyte

• brownish extention+capsule at end; sporophyte

Marchantiophyta (liverworts) characteristics

• non-vascular, flat+almost succulent looking leaves

• low to ground

  • flat leaf shaped like liver close to ground; gametophyte

Lycopodiophyta characteristics

• clubmosses

• spiky+tightly packed leaves

• vascular

• alternation of generations

• sporophyte dominant

  • have their sporophylls scattered along their stem, most produce them in a strobilus

microphyll

• a type of plant leaf with one single, UNBRANCHED leaf vein

  • The clubmosses and horsetails have microphylls

megaphylls

• large pinnate leaves called fronds

  • relatively large type of leaf produced by ferns and seed plants

    • BRANCHED

Pteridophyta characteristics

• considered as the first plants to be evolved on land

• seedless and vascular

  • ferns+whisk ferns, horsetails

Gingkophyta characteristics

• only includes one species; gingko biloba

• flat, fan-like leaves

  • false fruit

Cycadophyta characteristics

• palms

• lower to ground; female

  • large cone-like extensions; male

Pinophyta characteristics

• needle-shaped leaves

• cone-bearing

• reproduce by seeds

• pollen is produced in male cones and transferred to female cones via wind

Magnoliophyta characteristics

• FLOWERS

• monocots; lilies, tulips, grasses, palms

• dicots; everything else

• have fruits that contains seeds

• attract pollinators