Pulmonary High-Yield Biomedical Sciences Flashcards

Biomedical Sciences

What structure marks the beginning of the lower respiratory tract?

The larynx.

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Olfaction, respiration, filtration of air.

Which sinus drains into the superior meatus?

Posterior ethmoid sinus.

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid)?

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

What are the three main parts of the larynx?

Vestibule, ventricle, and infraglottic cavity.

What is the opening between the vocal ligaments called?

Rima glottidis.

What is the epithelium lining the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

What is the function of Clara cells?

Protect the lining of the bronchioles.

What cells secrete surfactant in the alveoli?

Type II alveolar cells.

Which lung has three lobes?

The right lung.

What is the purpose of surfactant?

Reduces surface tension, increases lung compliance.

What is FEV1?

Volume of air expired in the first second after maximal inspiration.

What are the phases of respiration regulated by?

Medullary and pontine respiratory centers.

What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors?

Low PO2 or high H+ concentration.

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Ventral surface of the medulla.

What is the Bohr effect?

Binding of CO2 causes hemoglobin to release oxygen.

What is respiratory acidosis caused by?

Elevated PCO2 (e.g., COPD, chest wall injuries).

What causes restrictive lung diseases?

Decreased lung compliance, e.g., ARDS, pulmonary fibrosis.

What is a key feature of obstructive lung diseases?

Increased airway resistance (e.g., asthma, COPD).

What characterizes asthma?

Bronchial hyperreactivity and reversible airway obstruction.

What defines chronic bronchitis clinically?

Productive cough for 3 months over 2 consecutive years.

What is the pathophysiology of emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elastic recoil.

What disease presents with sudden, severe drooling and dysphagia in children?

Epiglottitis.

What causes croup and what is the hallmark symptom?

Parainfluenza virus; barking cough and stridor.

What is seen on chest X-ray in RSV infection?

Interstitial infiltrates and lung collapse.

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis.

What defines a tension pneumothorax?

Air accumulation shifts mediastinum; life-threatening.

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.

What is a common cause of pulmonary embolism?

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

What defines ARDS?

Acute respiratory failure with hypoxemia and bilateral infiltrates.

What causes pulmonary edema?

Left-sided heart failure, renal failure, low albumin.

What lung cancer is associated with SIADH and ACTH production?

Small-cell lung carcinoma.

What are signs of bronchiectasis?

Chronic cough, foul-smelling sputum, recurrent infections.

What causes clubbing in lung disease?

Chronic hypoxia (e.g., bronchiectasis, lung cancer).

What causes Horner's syndrome in lung cancer?

Pancoast tumor compressing sympathetic chain.

What congenital disorder causes salty sweat and thick mucus?

Cystic fibrosis.

What pathogen causes TB?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What is the classic finding of primary TB?

Ghon focus with caseous necrosis near pleura.

What characterizes secondary TB?

Granulomas eroding into airways; highly contagious.

What is the most common cause of lobar pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

What is the major complication of lung abscess?

Spread to pleura or bloodstream.