FUNDA 1

What is LAW?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Law = a set of rules and regulations that govern society.

Simple explanation:
Parang rules sa classroom. May rules para malaman ng lahat kung ano ang dapat at hindi dapat gawin. Ang law ay parang malaking set of rules para sa buong society para magkaroon ng order and protection.

FRONT:
What is PRIVATE/CIVIL LAW?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Civil law = law involving disputes between private individuals or parties.

Simple explanation:
Parang dalawang tao na may problema or disagreement with each other. Hindi ito primarily tungkol sa crime against society; it’s about a private dispute.

FRONT:
What is CONTRACT LAW?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Contract law = law involving agreements between parties.

Simple explanation:
Parang dalawang tao na nag-agree sa isang bagay: “Gagawin ko ito, gagawin mo naman iyon.” Kapag may valid agreement pero hindi sinunod ang terms, contract law may apply.

FRONT:
What is a TORT?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Tort = a wrongful act or failure to act that causes harm to another person and may result in civil liability.

Simple explanation:
Parang may ginawa kang mali, or may bagay kang dapat ginawa pero hindi mo ginawa, tapos may ibang taong nasaktan or napinsala dahil doon.

FRONT:
What is NEGLIGENCE?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Negligence = failure to use reasonable care.

Simple explanation:
Parang alam mong may dapat kang gawin para maging safe ang isang tao, pero hindi mo ginawa or hindi ka naging sufficiently careful, kaya may napinsala.

FRONT:
What is MALPRACTICE?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Malpractice = professional negligence.

Simple explanation:
Parang negligence, pero nangyari ito habang ang isang professional—such as a nurse or doctor—is performing their professional duties.

What is BREACH OF DUTY?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Breach of duty = failure to fulfill a duty or required standard of care.

Simple explanation:
May responsibility ka, pero hindi mo ginawa ang dapat mong gawin or hindi mo na-meet ang expected standard of care.

FRONT:
What is FORESEEABILITY?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Foreseeability = whether a possible harm could have been reasonably anticipated.

Simple explanation:
Parang tinatanong natin:
“Pwede ba nating ma-predict na posibleng mangyari itong masamang result?”

Example:
A known fall-risk patient is left without appropriate safety precautions. A fall may be a foreseeable risk.

FRONT:
What is CAUSATION?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Causation = the connection between the wrongful action/inaction and the injury.

Simple explanation:
Tinatanong natin:
“Yung pagkakamali ba talaga ang naging dahilan kung bakit nasaktan ang patient?”

Example:
Nurse fails to follow a safety measure → patient falls → patient gets injured.

FRONT:
What is ASSAULT?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Assault = an intentional threat or act that creates reasonable fear of imminent harmful or offensive contact.

Simple explanation:
Parang may taong nagbanta na “Sasaktan kita!” at reasonably natatakot ka na gagawin niya talaga iyon. Hindi kailangan na nahawakan ka niya.

FRONT:
What is BATTERY?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Battery = intentional harmful or offensive physical contact without consent or legal justification.

Simple explanation:
Hindi lang threat. May actual physical contact na hindi dapat ginawa.

Example:
A healthcare worker intentionally performs a procedure on a competent patient who clearly refused it, without legal justification.

FRONT:
What is FALSE IMPRISONMENT?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
False imprisonment = unjustified restriction of a person’s freedom to leave or move.

Simple explanation:
Parang gusto nang umalis ng patient at legally free naman siyang umalis, pero pinipigilan mo siyang umalis without proper legal justification.

FRONT:
What is DEFAMATION?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Defamation = a false statement that harms another person’s reputation.

Simple explanation:
May sinabi kang hindi totoo tungkol sa isang tao, tapos dahil doon, nasira ang reputation niya.

FRONT:
What is LIBEL?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Libel = defamation in written or recorded form.

Simple explanation:
False statement na nakakasira ng reputation pero nakasulat, posted, or otherwise recorded.

FRONT:
What is SLANDER?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Slander = defamation through spoken words.

Simple explanation:
False statement na nakakasira ng reputation pero sinabi verbally.

FRONT:
What is a FELONY?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Felony = a more serious criminal offense.

Simple explanation:
Crime pa rin siya, pero mas serious o mas mabigat compared with a misdemeanor.

FRONT:
What is a MISDEMEANOR?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Misdemeanor = a less serious criminal offense compared with a felony.

Simple explanation:
Crime pa rin siya, pero less serious kaysa felony.

FRONT:
What is the hierarchy of the legal concepts?

BACK:

LAW
→ PRIVATE/CIVIL LAW

• Contract Law

• Torts

  • Unintentional → Negligence/Malpractice

  • Intentional → Assault/Battery, False Imprisonment, Invasion of Privacy, Defamation

    • Libel

    • Slander

→ PUBLIC LAW

• Criminal Law

  • Felony

  • Misdemeanor

FRONT:
What is the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 (RA 9173)?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
RA 9173 = law that provides the legal foundation for the regulation, education, licensure, and practice of nursing in the Philippines.

Simple explanation:
Parang ito yung rulebook ng nursing profession. It tells us the rules for becoming a nurse, getting licensed, studying nursing, and practicing nursing safely and properly.

FLASHCARD 2

FRONT:
When was RA 9173 approved?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
RA 9173 was approved on October 21, 2002.

Simple explanation:
Ito yung official date when the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 was approved.

FRONT:
What is the main purpose of RA 9173?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
To ensure that nursing practice is performed by qualified, competent, ethical, and properly licensed nurses who provide safe and quality care.

Simple explanation:
Gusto ng law na siguraduhin na ang nurses ay properly trained, competent, ethical, and licensed para safe ang patients.

FRONT:
What is the first key provision of RA 9173?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Regulation of Nursing Profession = regulating the practice of nursing in the Philippines.

Simple explanation:
Parang may rules and standards na kailangang sundin ng nurses para maging safe, competent, and professional ang nursing practice.

FRONT:
What are the three major areas covered by RA 9173?

BACK:
Simple Definition:

1. Regulation of Nursing Profession

2. Nursing Education

3. Registration and Licensing

FRONT:
What is Assessment in the Nursing Process?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Assessment = the first phase of the Nursing Process where the nurse systematically and continuously collects client data.

Simple explanation:
Ito yung unang step ng nursing process. Kinokolekta muna ng nurse ang lahat ng important information about the patient para malaman kung ano ang current condition niya.

Example:
The nurse asks about the patient’s pain, checks vital signs, observes the patient, and performs a physical examination.

FRONT:
What is Time-Lapsed Assessment?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Time-lapsed assessment = assessment that compares the client’s current status with previous data.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan kung ano ang nagbago sa patient compared sa dati niyang condition.

Example:
The nurse compares today’s blood pressure and wound condition with the patient’s findings from yesterday.

FRONT:
What are the Five Major Activities During Assessment?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The five activities are:

1. Collection of Data

2. Validation of Data

3. Organization of Data

4. Analysis of Data

5. Recording and Documentation

Simple explanation:
Parang step-by-step process: collect → check → organize → analyze → document.

FRONT:
What are the three methods of data collection?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The three methods are:

1. Interview

2. Observation

3. Examination

Simple explanation:
The nurse gets information by asking the patient, observing the patient, and examining the patient.

Example:
Ask about pain → Interview
Observe breathing → Observation
Check lung sounds → Examination

FRONT:
What is the Cephalocaudal approach to physical examination?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Cephalocaudal = physical assessment performed from head to toe.

Simple explanation:
Parang nagsisimula ka sa ulo, then pababa hanggang paa, para systematic ang assessment.

Example:
The nurse assesses the head and eyes first, then the chest, abdomen, legs, and feet.

FRONT:
What is the Body Systems approach?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Body Systems approach = assessment organized according to the body’s different systems.

Simple explanation:
Instead of head-to-toe, iniisa-isa mo ang body systems, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal.

Example:
The nurse assesses the respiratory system first, then cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal systems.

FRONT:
What is the Review of Systems (ROS)?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Review of Systems = systematic review of the client’s body systems and related symptoms.

Simple explanation:
Parang nagtatanong ang nurse system by system kung may symptoms or problems ang patient.

Example:
The nurse asks about headaches under neurological, cough under respiratory, and abdominal pain under gastrointestinal.

FRONT:
What is Biographic Data?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Biographic data = basic personal information about the client.

Simple explanation:
Ito yung basic information about who the patient is, not yet the detailed health problem.

Example:
Name, age, sex, address, occupation, marital status, and other identifying information.

FRONT:
What are Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns = a framework used to organize and assess different areas of a client’s health and daily functioning.

Simple explanation:
Parang 11 boxes kung saan ilalagay ng nurse ang different information about the patient — health habits, nutrition, elimination, activity, sleep, thinking, relationships, sexuality, coping, and beliefs.

Example:
The nurse uses Gordon’s patterns to organize information about the patient’s diet, sleep, activity, relationships, and stress.

FRONT:
What is 1. Health Perception–Health Management Pattern?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
It focuses on how the client views their health and manages their health.

Simple explanation:
Basically: “Paano mo tinitingnan ang health mo, and paano mo ito inaalagaan?”

Example:
The nurse asks if the patient considers themselves healthy, takes medications correctly, gets check-ups, or follows health recommendations.

FRONT:
What is 2. Nutritional–Metabolic Pattern?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
It focuses on the client’s food, fluid intake, nutrition, and metabolic needs.

Simple explanation:
Basically: “Ano ang kinakain at iniinom mo, and paano ginagamit ng katawan mo ang nutrients?”

Example:
The nurse asks about the patient’s diet, appetite, fluid intake, weight changes, and skin condition.

FRONT:
What are the three ways of organizing assessment data?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Assessment data can be organized using Maslow’s Basic Needs, Body Systems, or Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns.

Simple explanation:
After collecting patient information, inaayos ng nurse ang data para hindi magulo at mas madaling makita ang patient’s needs and problems.

FRONT:
What are the three activities in diagnosing?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The three activities are:

1. Data Analysis

2. Problem Identification

3. Formulation of Nursing Diagnosis

Simple explanation:
Parang ganito ang flow: Analyze → Identify → Formulate.
Tinitingnan muna ang data, hinahanap ang problem, then ginagawa ang proper nursing diagnosis.

FRONT:
What is Data Analysis in diagnosing?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Data analysis = examining the collected data to identify patterns, abnormalities, and significant findings.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan ng nurse ang lahat ng information at iniisip kung ano ang connection ng findings at ano ang possible problem.

Example:
The nurse sees that the patient has frequent coughing, difficulty breathing, and abnormal breath sounds.

FRONT:
What is Problem Identification?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Problem identification = determining the health problem that the client is experiencing or may experience.

Simple explanation:
After analyzing the data, tinutukoy ng nurse kung ano mismo ang problem ng patient.

Example:
After analyzing the patient’s findings, the nurse identifies impaired breathing as a nursing problem.

FRONT:
What is Formulation of Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Formulation = creating the proper nursing diagnosis statement based on the analyzed data.

Simple explanation:
Once alam na ng nurse kung ano ang problem, ginagawa niya itong proper nursing diagnosis statement.

Example:
The nurse formulates: Acute Pain related to surgical incision as evidenced by facial grimace and guarding behavior.

FRONT:
What does PES stand for in a Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
PES = Problem + Etiology + Signs/Symptoms

Simple explanation:
Think of it as:

P = Ano ang problem?
E = Bakit nangyayari?
S = Paano mo alam na present ang problem?

Example:
Acute Pain (Problem) related to trauma of surgical incision (Etiology) as evidenced by facial grimace and guarding behavior (Signs/Symptoms).

Scenario clue:
Problem + cause + evidence → PES

What is the Problem (P) in a Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Problem = the actual or potential health response/problem identified by the nurse.

Simple explanation:
Ito yung ANO ang problema ng patient.

Example:
Acute Pain related to surgical incision.

Here, Acute Pain = Problem.

FRONT:
What is the Etiology (E) in a Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Etiology = the cause or related factor contributing to the nursing problem.

Simple explanation:
Ito yung BAKIT nangyayari ang problem or ano ang contributing factor.

Example:
Acute Pain related to trauma of surgical incision.

Here, trauma of surgical incision = Etiology.

FRONT:
What are Signs and Symptoms (S) in a Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Signs and symptoms = the evidence or manifestations showing that an actual problem is present.

Simple explanation:
Ito yung PANO MO ALAM na may problem. These are things the patient reports or the nurse observes.

Example:
Acute Pain related to surgical incision as evidenced by facial grimace and guarding behavior.

Facial grimace + guarding behavior = Signs/Symptoms

FRONT:
What is the format of an Actual Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Actual diagnosis follows:

Problem + Etiology + Signs/Symptoms

or

P + E + S

Simple explanation:
Complete siya because you have the problem, the reason, and the evidence.

Example:
Acute Pain + related to trauma of surgical incision + as evidenced by facial grimace and guarding behavior.

FRONT:
What is the format of a Potential/Possible Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Possible diagnosis = Possible Problem + Related Factors, with more data needed.

Simple explanation:
May suspected problem, may possible reason, pero kulang pa ang evidence, so kailangan pa ng assessment.

Example:
Possible Low Self-Esteem related to recent job loss; further assessment is needed.

Scenario clue:
“Possible…” + “more data needed” → Potential/Possible Diagnosis

FRONT:
What is a Risk Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Risk diagnosis = a problem that the client is at risk of developing but has not developed yet.

Simple explanation:
Wala pa yung problem ngayon, pero may factors na puwedeng mag-cause nito, kaya kailangan itong ma-prevent.

Example:
Risk for Infection related to surgical incision.

The patient does not necessarily have an infection yet; the incision creates a risk.

FRONT:
Why does a Risk Nursing Diagnosis have no signs and symptoms?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Because the problem has not occurred yet, so there are no manifestations of the problem to document.

Simple explanation:
Kung wala pa yung problem, wala ka pang signs and symptoms na puwedeng ilagay. Ang meron lang ay risk factors.

FRONT:
What is the difference between Actual, Possible, and Risk Nursing Diagnosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Actual = problem is present.
Possible = problem is suspected but needs more data.
Risk = problem has not occurred but the client is at risk.

Simple explanation:
Think of it as:

ACTUAL = Meron na.
POSSIBLE = Baka meron, check pa.
RISK = Wala pa, pero puwedeng mangyari.

FRONT:
What does SMART mean in Nursing Planning?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
SMART means the plan/goals should be:

S – Specific
M – Measurable
A – Achievable
R – Relevant
T – Time-bound

FRONT:
What does S – Specific mean in SMART?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Specific = the goal clearly states exactly what is expected.

Simple explanation:
Hindi dapat vague or malabo. Dapat alam mo exactly ano ang gusto mong mangyari.

Example:
“Patient will ambulate 20 meters” is more specific than “Patient will improve mobility.”

FRONT:
What does M – Measurable mean in SMART?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Measurable = the outcome can be observed, counted, or evaluated.

Simple explanation:
Dapat may way para malaman kung na-achieve ba talaga ang goal.

Example:
“Pain will decrease from 8/10 to 3/10.”

FRONT:
What does A – Achievable mean in SMART?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Achievable = the goal is realistic and possible for the patient to accomplish.

Simple explanation:
Dapat kaya talaga ng patient based on their condition. Hindi dapat impossible ang goal.

Example:
A patient recovering from surgery is expected to gradually increase walking distance rather than immediately running.

FRONT:
What does R – Relevant mean in SMART?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Relevant = the goal is related to the patient’s actual health problem and needs.

Simple explanation:
Dapat connected ang goal sa nursing diagnosis/problem ng patient.

Example:
For a patient with Acute Pain, reducing pain is relevant.

FRONT:
What does T – Time-Bound mean in SMART?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Time-bound = the goal has a specific time frame or deadline for achievement.

Simple explanation:
Dapat may sagot sa “Kailan dapat ma-achieve?”

Example:
“The patient will report pain at 3/10 within 2 hours.”

Scenario clue:
Within 2 hours + by tomorrow + within 1 week → Time-Bound

FRONT:
What is the Doing Phase of the Nursing Process?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The Doing Phase refers to Implementation/Intervention, where the nurse carries out the planned nursing actions.

Simple explanation:
Kung sa Planning nagde-decide ka kung ano ang gagawin, sa Implementation naman ginagawa mo na talaga.

Example:
Planning: “Monitor pain every 4 hours.”
Implementation: Nurse actually checks the patient’s pain every 4 hours.

FRONT:
What are the two approaches to Nursing Interventions?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The two approaches are:

1. Direct Care

2. Indirect Care

Simple explanation:
Direct = may direct contact with the patient.
Indirect = ginagawa for the patient but usually without direct contact.

Example:
Giving a bed bath → Direct Care
Coordinating the patient’s care with another healthcare professional → Indirect Care

FRONT:
What are the three types of Nursing Interventions?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The three types are:

1. Independent

2. Dependent

3. Collaborative

Simple explanation:
Think:

Independent = nurse decides
Dependent = requires authorized order
Collaborative = nurse + healthcare team

Example:
Independent → repositioning the patient
Dependent → administering a prescribed medication
Collaborative → working with a dietitian to develop a nutrition plan

FRONT:
What are the Four Techniques of Physical Examination?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The four techniques are Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, and Auscultation (IPPA).

Simple explanation:
Ito ang basic techniques na ginagamit ng nurse para ma-check at ma-assess ang katawan ng patient.

Example:
The nurse looks at the patient’s abdomen, touches it, taps it, and listens to bowel sounds.

FRONT:
What should be assessed during Head Inspection?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Head inspection assesses the head’s size, shape, symmetry, contour, and position.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan ng nurse kung normal ba ang laki, shape, pagkakapantay, outline, at position ng ulo.

FRONT:
What is Macrocephaly?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Macrocephaly = an unusually large head size for a person’s age and sex.

Simple explanation:
Mas malaki kaysa expected ang circumference/size ng head.

FRONT:
What is Microcephaly?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Microcephaly = an unusually small head size for a person’s age and sex.

Simple explanation:
Mas maliit kaysa expected ang head size/circumference for the person’s age and sex.

FRONT:
What is Normocephalic?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Normocephalic = having a normal head size and shape.

Simple explanation:
Normal ang size and shape ng head based on the person’s age and overall assessment.

FRONT:
What is Brachycephalic?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Brachycephalic = a head shape that is relatively broad and short.

Simple explanation:
Mas wide and short ang shape ng skull compared with a longer, narrower shape.

FRONT:
What is Torticollis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Torticollis = an abnormal condition in which the head and neck are tilted or rotated because of neck muscle tightness or other causes.

Simple explanation:
Parang nakakiling or nakapihit ang ulo sa isang side instead of staying in a normal position.

Example:
The patient’s head remains tilted to one side and is difficult or painful to move.

FRONT:
What is Bell’s Palsy?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Bell’s palsy = acute weakness or paralysis of muscles on one side of the face, usually due to facial nerve dysfunction.

Simple explanation:
Parang isang side ng face ay hindi gumagalaw normally, kaya puwedeng maging uneven ang smile or facial expression.

Example:
The patient has difficulty smiling evenly and one side of the face appears weaker.

FRONT:
What is Unicoronal Craniosynostosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Unicoronal craniosynostosis = premature fusion of one coronal skull suture, causing an abnormal skull shape.

Simple explanation:
Sa baby, may part ng skull na nagsara nang masyadong maaga, which can make the head shape asymmetric.

Example:
An infant has noticeable asymmetry of the forehead and skull due to early fusion of one coronal suture.

FRONT:
What should be assessed during Hair and Scalp Inspection?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Hair and scalp assessment examines color, texture, distribution, thickness, and cleanliness, as well as abnormalities.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan ng nurse kung normal ang kulay, texture, pagkaka-spread, kapal, at cleanliness ng buhok at scalp.

FRONT:
What abnormalities should you look for on the Hair and Scalp?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Look for lesions, scaling, dandruff, parasites, scars, inflammation, and masses.

Simple explanation:
Hindi lang buhok ang tinitingnan. Chine-check din ang scalp kung may sugat, kaliskis, dandruff, kuto/parasites, peklat, pamamaga, or bukol.

FRONT:
What should be assessed during Facial Inspection?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Facial inspection assesses facial symmetry, skin color, facial expression, edema, involuntary movements, and lesions.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan ng nurse kung pantay ang mukha, normal ang skin color, normal ang expression, may pamamaga, abnormal movements, or lesions.

FRONT:
What does Cranial Nerve V (CN V) assess?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
CN V (Trigeminal nerve) assesses facial sensation and muscles of mastication.

Simple explanation:
CN V helps the patient feel sensations on the face and helps with chewing.

Example:
The nurse tests facial sensation and asks the patient to clench their teeth.

FRONT:
What is Ptosis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Ptosis = drooping of the upper eyelid.

Simple explanation:
Parang nakababa or nakalaylay ang upper eyelid, partially covering the eye.

Example:
One patient’s upper eyelid appears lower than the other.

FRONT:
What is Scleral Icterus?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Scleral icterus = yellow discoloration of the sclera.

Simple explanation:
Kapag yung normally white part ng eye ay naging yellow, it is called scleral icterus.

FRONT:
What can different Sclera Colors indicate during assessment?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
The sclera is normally white/clear, but abnormal colors can be clinically significant.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan ang color ng sclera dahil changes such as yellow, red/bloodshot, blue/gray, or brown/pigmented may need further assessment.

Example:
Yellow sclera → may be associated with jaundice.
Red/bloodshot → may indicate irritation or vascular changes.

FRONT:
What is Keratitis?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Keratitis = inflammation of the cornea.

Simple explanation:
Kapag namamaga ang clear front part ng eye, that is called keratitis.

Example:
A patient has eye pain, redness, and sensitivity to light, and the cornea appears abnormal.

FRONT:
What is Heterochromia?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Heterochromia = a difference in iris color between the two eyes or within one iris.

Simple explanation:
Parang magkaiba ang kulay ng iris ng dalawang eyes, or may different colors within the same iris.

Example:
One eye has a brown iris while the other has a blue iris.

FRONT:
What is the Direct Pupillary Response?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Direct response = constriction of the pupil in the eye receiving the light.

Simple explanation:
Tinapatan mo ng light ang right eye, then yung right pupil mismo ang nagco-constrict.

Example:
Light is shone into the right eye → right pupil constricts.

FRONT:
What is the Consensual Pupillary Response?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Consensual response = constriction of the opposite pupil when light is shone into one eye.

Simple explanation:
Tinapatan mo ng light ang right eye, pero pati left pupil nagco-constrict.

Example:
Light in right eye → right pupil constricts + left pupil also constricts.

FRONT:
What does PERRLA stand for?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
PERRLA = Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light, and Accommodation.

Simple explanation:
Parang checklist ito para sabihin na the pupils are same size, round, respond to light, and adjust for near focus.

Example:
Documentation: “PERRLA.”

FRONT:
How is the Visual Field assessed?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Visual field can be assessed using the confrontation test to check peripheral vision.

Simple explanation:
Tinitingnan kung gaano kalawak ang side/peripheral vision ng patient by comparing it with the examiner’s visual field.

Example:
The nurse sits facing the patient and asks the patient to cover one eye while the nurse brings a finger into the visual field from the side.

FRONT:
What is the Confrontation Test?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Confrontation = a bedside test used to assess peripheral visual fields by comparing the patient’s field of vision with the examiner’s.

Simple explanation:
Magkaharap ang nurse and patient, then chine-check kung nakikita ng patient ang object coming from the side at approximately the same time as the examiner.

Example:
The nurse moves a finger from the side toward the center while the patient reports when it becomes visible.

FRONT:
What is Visual Acuity?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Visual acuity = the ability to see and distinguish details clearly.

Simple explanation:
Basically, gaano kalinaw nakakakita ang patient.

Example:
The nurse asks the patient to read letters on a Snellen chart from a specified distance.

FRONT:
What does Cranial Nerve II (CN II) assess?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
CN II, the optic nerve, is responsible for vision, including visual acuity and visual field.

Simple explanation:
CN II is basically the nerve that helps the brain receive visual information from the eyes.

Example:
The nurse assesses the patient’s visual acuity using a Snellen chart.

FRONT:
Which cranial nerves control Extraocular Movements?

BACK:
Simple Definition:
Extraocular eye movements are assessed through CN III, CN IV, and CN VI.

Simple explanation:
These three cranial nerves work together to control the movements of the eyes.

Example:
The nurse asks the patient to follow a finger through different directions.