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Theodore Roosevelt
U.S. president (1901–1909) who expanded American influence through his “Big Stick” foreign policy and oversaw the construction of the Panama Canal.
Big Stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt’s foreign policy approach based on the proverb “speak softly and carry a big stick,” emphasizing diplomacy backed by military strength.
Panama Canal (1914)
A man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, constructed under Roosevelt’s leadership to improve trade and military mobility.
Panamanian Revolution (1903)
A U.S.-backed uprising that led to Panama’s independence from Colombia, allowing the U.S. to secure rights to build the canal.
Colombia and the Canal Dispute
The Colombian government rejected a U.S. treaty for canal construction, leading Roosevelt to support Panamanian independence.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Naval strategist whose book The Influence of Seapower upon History influenced Roosevelt’s push for the Panama Canal to strengthen U.S. naval power.
Mosquito Control in Panama
Measures such as fumigation and mosquito nets, based on Dr. Walter Reed’s research, that significantly reduced disease among canal workers.
Walter Reed
U.S. Army physician who confirmed that mosquitoes spread malaria and yellow fever, leading to improved health conditions during canal construction.
American Protectorate in Panama (1903–1939)
The U.S. controlled Panama’s foreign affairs and maintained influence over the region after helping it gain independence.
Roosevelt’s Visit to Panama (1906)
Theodore Roosevelt became the first sitting U.S. president to travel abroad, visiting the Panama Canal construction site and operating a steam shovel.
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability and prevent European interference.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
A U.S. policy warning European nations against colonizing or interfering in the Western Hemisphere. The Roosevelt Corollary expanded upon this doctrine.
"International Police Power"
Roosevelt’s justification for U.S. intervention in Latin American nations to prevent “chronic wrongdoing” and maintain regional stability.
U.S. Protectorates
Under the Roosevelt Corollary, the U.S. established protectorates over countries like Cuba and Panama, exerting control over their political and economic affairs.
Dominican Republic Financial Crisis (1904-1905)
The first application of the Roosevelt Corollary, where the U.S. took control of the Dominican Republic’s customs revenues to prevent European intervention.
Platt Amendment (1901)
A law that allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba’s affairs and maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay, making Cuba a U.S. protectorate.
Panama Canal Zone (1903)
A U.S.-controlled territory in Panama, acquired after supporting Panamanian independence from Colombia, allowing for the construction of the Panama Canal.
Foraker Act (1900)
A U.S. law establishing civilian government in Puerto Rico, marking the beginning of direct American rule over the island.
Good Neighbor Policy (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s policy that renounced U.S. intervention in Latin America, shifting away from the aggressive approach of the Roosevelt Corollary.
U.S. Interventions in Latin America (Early 20th Century)
Using the Roosevelt Corollary, the U.S. sent troops to Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic multiple times, straining relations with Latin American countries.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
A conflict between Russia and Japan over control of Manchuria and Korea; Japan launched a surprise naval attack and won significant victories.
Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)
U.S. president who mediated peace in the Russo-Japanese War, earning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his efforts.
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
A peace agreement mediated by Roosevelt that ended the Russo-Japanese War, granting Japan control over Korea, parts of Manchuria, and Sakhalin Island.
Open Door Policy
A U.S. foreign policy that promoted equal trade access in China, which Roosevelt sought to protect from Japanese and Russian influence.
Great White Fleet (1907-1909)
A U.S. naval fleet sent on a world tour, including maneuvers in the Pacific, as a show of American military strength, particularly directed at Japan.
Balance of Power in Asia
Roosevelt’s strategy to prevent any single nation, especially Japan or Russia, from dominating the region and threatening U.S. economic interests.
Manchuria (Early 20th Century)
A region in China contested by Russia and Japan; its control was a key issue in the Russo-Japanese War and later U.S.-Japan tensions.
Sakhalin Island (1905)
A territory partially ceded to Japan from Russia in the Treaty of Portsmouth as part of their war settlement.
Japanese Exclusion of U.S. Businesses (1906-1907)
After winning the Russo-Japanese War, Japan expelled American businesses from Manchuria, prompting Roosevelt to assert U.S. interests through diplomacy and military presence.
"Big Stick" Diplomacy
Roosevelt’s foreign policy approach of negotiating peacefully while maintaining a strong military presence, exemplified by his handling of U.S.-Japan relations.
