lifespan

peers

individuals of about the same age/maturity level

emotional regulation

ability to respond to situations with socially tolerable emotions

negative emotionality

experience fear, anxiety, jealousy, sadness

sociometric status

peer status

• popular: positive votes, can interact w others (pro-social)

• average: votes are either positive or negative

• controversial: large votes of positive and negative, high on aggression and reliability, often temporary

• rejected: few positive votes more negative, actively dislikes, conflict, impulsive, aggressive

• neglected: well adjusted votes, perceived as shy, cooperative, conduct relations with adults of ten temporary, low rates of interactions with peers

cliques vs crowds

• same sex

• smaller group

• engaged with similar activities

• larger groups

• many defined by activity

• become members by reputation

Functions of Friendship

• Companionship: playmate, someone to spend time with

• Stimulation: provides info, excitement, amusement

• Social comparison: provides info about where the child stands vs others and if they’re doing well

• Ego support: provides expectation of support, encouragement, feedback, helps with their self-esteem

• Intimacy: self-disclosure, share private thoughts, may appear after adolescence

Childhood vs Adulthood Friendships

• few “best friends”

• stres intimacy

• self-disclosure increases

• depends on friends more than family

• cross-gender

• fewer friends

• more selective

Rough and Tumble Play

Friendly play fighting

Practice Play

Repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned/when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required

Pretense/Symbolic Play

Child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symboks

Constructive Play

Combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

Sensorimotor Play

Infant behavior to derive pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes

Social Play

Interactions with responsive playmate

Games Play

Activities engaged in for pleasure

Electronic Media

Take time away from play

Aging Theory

• More active and involved older adults experience more life satisfaction

• Social networks become more selective

• Older adults should gradually withdraw from society

Ageism

Prejudice against others due to their age

Social Support

Helps ppl cope with life challenges

Culture

Behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generations

Cross-Cultural

Compares aspects of w or more patterns

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to consider one’s own group as superior to others

Minority Status

Positive ethnic identity is related to positive outcomes for ethnic minority adolescents

Double Disadvantage

Experienced by ethnic minority children due to prejudice and discrimination along with the stressful effects of poverty

Intersectionality

Older ethnic minority adults face a double jeopardy in ageism and racism (less education, worse housing conditions, shorter life expectancies)

Academic Educational Programs

Teachers structure children’s learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other skills. More stress, less confidence, less advanced motor, academic ad social skills

Child-Centered Educational Programs

Teachers provide a variety of activities from which children select. Much learning takes place through play

Developmentally Appropriate Programs (DAP)

Focuses on the typical development patterns of children and the uniqueness of each child

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

Improve student performance, more teaching time, higher expectations of students, identify poor performance of administrators/schools, improve confidence in public schools as test scores rise

Criticism: too narrow, students memorize rather than think critically, overlooks needs of gifted students

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Replace NCLB

Project Head Start

• Largest federally funded program for US children

• Provide children from low income families opportunities to acquire the skills and experience needed when starting school

• Provides health services, serves children from birth to 3 years

Top-Dog Phenomenon

Move from biggest, powerful students in elementary to the youngest, least powerful in middle school

• feel more grown up

• more time w peers

High School Drop Outs

• Rates have declined overall

• Lowest rate is Asian Americans

• Males are more likely

Dyscalculia (Specific Learning Disability)

Difficulty in math computation (aka developmental arithmetic disorder)

• 3x as many boys than gils

• precise cause not determined

ADHD

4-9x more in boys

Autism Spectrum Disorders

5x more likely in boys

Twice Exceptional (2e)

Exceptional levels of capacity, competence, commitment, or creativity coupled with a learning disability

Least Restrictive Environments

Setting similar to those where children without disability is educated

IDEA

mandates for children with disabilities

• IEPS: written statement of a program tailored for students with disabilities

• 504: section of rehab act - federal law civil rights law for those with disabilities in programs that receive federal financial assistance

Fixed Mindset

Belief that qualities cannot change and improve through effort

Growth Mindset

Belief that qualities can change and improve through effort

Absenteeism

Regularly staying away from work/school without good reason

Location of Death

80% in institutes or hospitals away from family

Advanced Directives

Living will-designed when they can think clearly

Passive Euthanasia

when a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment

Active Euthanasia

When death is deliberately induced, legal dose is injected

“Good Death”

Physical comfort, support from loved ones, acceptance, and appropriate medical care

Palliative Care

Reducing pain and suffering, helping them die with dignity

Hospice

Program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible

SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome - sudden unexplained death in infants that could be caused by a brain abnormality

Külber-Ross Stages of Dying

• Denial/Isolation: denies death is taking place

• Anger: resentment, rage, envy

• Bargaining: develops hope that death can be delayed

• Depression: perceives the certainty of death

• Acceptance: develops a sense of peace, acceptance of one’s own fate, often a desire to be left alone

Grieving

Emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of loved ones

Coping

Difficult, no ideal way to grieve, involves growth, flexibility

Loss of Spouse

Intensified religious and spiritual beliefs, find meaning in death, volunteering is helpful

Prolonged Grief Disorder

Enduring despair that remains unresolved

Disenfranchised Gried

Grief over a deceased person that is socially ambiguous loss that can’t be openly mourned or supported