Intro to Psych Chapters 12 & 13 - FINAL EXAM

abnormal behavior

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

deviant

one of three criteria of abnormal behavior, says that behavior is atypical or statistically unusual and differs from cultural norms

maladaptive

one of three criteria of abnormal behavior, means that a behavior or characteristic disrupts the person’s ability to lead a satisfying life

personally distressful

one of three criteria of abnormal behavior, how people who engage in the abnormal behavior finds it troubling

biological approach

uses the medical model, which view psychological disorders as akin to diseases requiring specific treatments, typically medications

medical model

The view that says psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin

psychological approach

emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions and personality characters in explaining psychological disorders

sociocultural approach

emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives and the way that culture influences the understanding and treatment of psychological disorders

biopsychosocial model

the view that says abnormal behaviors are influenced by biological factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors

DSM-5

a list of disorders since 1952, current version - 5th ed.; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

people who show persistent deficits in social communication and restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

ADHD

One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

generalized anxiety disorder

individuals with this experience persistent anxiety for at least six months and are unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety

panic disorder

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

social anxiety disorder

can be called social phobia, an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster.

major depressive disorder (MDD)

psychological disorder involving a major depressive episodes and characteristics, for at least 2 weeks

bipolar disorder

Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

bulimia nervosa

Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

binge-eating disorder (BED)

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

schizophrenia

severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes

stigma

the negative perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that a society or group holds towards individuals or groups based on certain characteristics or conditions, often leading to disapproval, discrimination, and exclusion

clinical psychology

An area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders.

psychotherapy

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems. Includes counselors and social workers.

psychiatrist

only these people in this profession can prescribe medications

psychologist

only some people in this profession can prescribe medications, but require extended training

sociocultural approach

includes sociocultural therapies and acknowledging the relationships and cultural contexts that characterize one’s life and influence their suffering

evidence-based practice

Integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences.

therapeutic alliance

The relationship between the therapist and client—an important element of successful psychotherapy.

psychodynamic therapies

stresses the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems

psychoanalysis

Freud’s therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual’s unconscious thoughts.

humanistic therapies

people are encouraged toward self-understanding and personal growth and emphasizes on the person’s capacity for self-healing, emphasis on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts

client-centered therapy

coined by Carl Rogers, when the therapist provides a supportive interpersonal context to improve the client’s self-concept and bring the client to their genuine self

behavior therapies

Treatments, based on behavioral and social cognitive theories, that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

systematic desensitization

a behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations

cognitive therapies

emphasizes that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems and they attempt to change a person’s feelings and behaviors by changing those thoughts

cognitive restructuring

a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion and central to cognitive therapies

cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing the client’s self-efficacy.

integrative therapy

Using a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client.

antianxiety drugs

Commonly known as tranquilizers, drugs that reduce anxiety by making individuals calmer and less excitable.

antidepressant drugs

Drugs that regulate mood.

antipsychotic drugs

powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns

cross-cultural competence

A therapist’s assessment of their abilities to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client’s perception of those abilities.