CTTT Reviewer

For Midterms

Counseling (Gibson & Mitchell, 1999)

is a goal-oriented relationship between a professionally trained, competent counselor and an individual seeking help for the purpose of bringing about a meaningful awareness and understanding of the self and environment, improving planning and decision making, and formulating new ways of behaving, feeling, and thinking for problem resolution and/or development growth

Counseling (BACP, 1998)

is involving a deliberately undertaken contract with clearly agreed boundaries and a commitment to privacy and confidentiality

Counseling (Burks & Stefflre, 1979)

It is designed to help clients to understand and clarify their views of their life space, and to learn to reach their self-determined goals through meaningful, well-informed choices and through resolution of problems of an emotional or interpersonal nature

Counseling (Hershenson and Strein, 1991; Weikel, 2001)

Is based on a wellness model rather than a medical model.

Five Major Goals of Counseling

1. Facilitating behavior change

2. Improving the client’s ability to establish and maintain relationships

3. Enhancing client’s effectiveness

4. Promoting decision making process

5. Facilitating client potential and development

The AIMS of Counseling

• Insight

• Relating with others

• Self-awareness

• Self-acceptance

• Self-actualization or individuation

• Enlightenment

• Problem-solving

• Psychological education

• Acquisition of social skills

• Cognitive change

• Behavior change

• Systemic change

• Empowerment

• Restitution

• Generativity and social action

Principles of Counseling

1. Acceptance of the client

2. Individuation

3. Purposeful expression of feelings

4. Nonjudgmental attitude

5. Controlled emotional involvement

6. Client self-determination

7. Confidentiality

Acceptance of the client

Taking what the client really is, with dignity, worth, strength and weaknesses

Individuation

Recognizing the client’s unique characteristics as different from anyone else

Purposeful expression of feelings

Recognizing the purgative expression of feelings on the part of the client and an opportunity to gain insights about the concerns of the client by the counselor

Nonjudgmental attitude

A stance of neither condemning nor condoning behavior of the client; suspending judgment about client’s behavior and ideas

Controlled emotional involvement

Being sensitive and responsive to client’s feelings; maintaining objective position to gain perspective; empathy but exercising restraint

Client self-determination

Recognizing the client’s freedom to choose; assisting the client to own his/her problem, decisions, and responsibility of the consequences of his/her decisions.

Confidentiality

Non-disclosure of whatever transpired during counseling to anyone; recognizing the client’s right to privacy.

Leaders

First counselors were ______ of the community who attempted to provide inspiration for others through their teachings.

The basic tenets of ancient philosophers

There is no single right answer to any question worth asking; there are many possible interpretations of the same experience; any philosophy is worthless if it is not personalized and made relevant to everyday life.

Hippocrates

Introduced the concepts of homeostasis (the natural balance of the body) and prognosis (the prediction of outcomes)

Hippocrates

Also credited with developing the first counseling interventions:

Hippocrates

Emphasized the importance of obtaining a complete life history before undertaking any treatment and devised the first comprehensive classification of mental disorders.

Freud’s accomplishments

• Adapting the technique of hypnosis for studying the inner world

• Formulating models of personality development and psychopathology

• Emphasizing unconscious motives behind human behavior

• Suggesting that dreams have meanings that can be uncovered and interpreted

• Developing the first formal methodology of counseling

Freud

The primary mentor of the first generation of counselors is _____.

Sigmund Freud; Joseph Breuer

The professions of counseling and psychotherapy were truly born when ______ and his colleague _____ evolved their “talking cure” of healing through catharsis

Catharsis

Ancient Greek word meaning "purification" or "cleansing"

Types of Ethics to Consider

1. Mandatory Ethics

2. Aspirational Ethics

3. Positive Ethics

Ethics Codes

Are a fundamental component of effective counseling. Guidelines that outline professional standards of behavior and practice

Codes

They do not make decisions for counselors

Ethical codes; Decision-making

Counselors must interpret and apply ______ to their _______.

Principles that underlie our professional codes

1. Autonomy

2. Justice

3. Beneficence

4. Nonmaleficence,

5. Fidelity

6. Veracity

The role of ethical codes

Are a basis for accountability

The role of ethical codes

Protect clients

The role of ethical codes

Basis for improving professional practice

Making ethical decisions

1. Identify the problem

2. Review relevant codes

3. Seek consultation

4. Brainstorm

5. List consequences

6. Decide and Document the reasons for your actions

Informed Consent

Clients need enough information about the counseling process to be able to make informed choices

Provide Informed Consent

1. Therapy Procedures

2. Risks/Benefits and Alternatives

3. Right to withdraw from treatment

4. Costs of treatment

5. Supervision

6. Privileged communication

7. Limits of Confidentiality

Confidentiality

is essential but not absolute

Exceptions for Confidentiality

1. Duty to Warn (Tarasoff Case)

   • The client poses a danger to self or others

2. A client under the age of 16 is the victim of abuse

3. A dependent adult or older adult is the victim of abuse

4. The client needs to be hospitalized

5. The information is made an issue in a court action • The client requests a release of record

Assessment

is an ongoing process designed to help the counselor evaluate key elements of a client’s psychological functioning

Assessments practices

Influenced by the therapist's theoretical orientation

Assessment and Diagnosis

Requires cultural sensitivity

Assessment and Diagnosis

Can be helpful in treatment planning

Diagnosis

Is the process of identifying pattern of symptoms which fit the criteria for a specific mental disorder defined in the DSM-V-TR

Diversity-competent practitioners

Understand their own cultural conditioning, the cultural values of their clients, and the sociopolitical system of which they are a part.

Beliefs and Attitudes

First, diversity-competent practitioners have moved from being culturally unaware to ensuring that their personal biases, values, or problems will not interfere with their ability to work with clients who are culturally different from them.

Knowledge

Second, diversity-competent practitioners actively attempt to understand the worldview of their clients.

Skills and Intervention Strategies

Third, diversity-competent practitioners have acquired skills in working with culturally diverse populations.

Countertransference

Defined broadly, includes any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client.

Professional burnout

If you are aware of the factors that sap your vitality as a person, you are in a better position to prevent the condition known as

Self-monitoring

is a crucial first step in self-care. If you make an honest inven tory of how well you are taking care of yourself in specific domains, you will have a framework for deciding what you may want to change.

Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs)

Promote wellness for individuals: physical activity and exercise, nutrition and diet, time in nature, relationships, recreation, religious or spiritual involvement, and service to others.

Mandatory ethics

Involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice.

Aspirational ethics

Focuses on doing what is in the best interests of clients. Functioning at this involves the highest standards of thinking and conduct.

Fear-based ethics

Does not constitute sound ethical practice

Positive ethics

Is an approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum ethical and legal standards to stay out of trouble

Informed consent

Involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.

Confidentiality

Is an ethical concept, and in most states it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.

Privileged communication

Is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission.

Assessment

Consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process.

Diagnosis

Sometimes part of the assessment process, consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Emphasizes the importance of being aware of unintentional bias and keeping an open mind to the presence of distinctive ethnic and cultural patterns that could influence the diagnostic process

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

Dual or multiple relationships

Either sexual or nonsexual, occur when counselors assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client.

Nonprofessional interactions

Nonsexual multiple relationships that pose a challenge to practitioners.

Boundary crossing

Is a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client.

Boundary violation

A serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical.

Have an identity

They know who they are, what they are capable of becoming, what they want out of life, and what is essential.

Respect and appreciate themselves

They can give and receive help and love out of their own sense of self-worth and strength. They feel adequate with others and allow others to feel powerful with them.

Open to change

They exhibit a willingness and courage to leave the security of the known if they are not satisfied with the way they are. They make decisions about how they would like to change, and they work toward becoming the person they want to become.

Make choices that are life oriented

They are aware of early decisions they made about themselves, others, and the world. They are not the victims of these early decisions, and they are willing to revise them if necessary. They are committed to living fully rather than settling for mere existence.

Authentic, Sincere, and Honest

They do not hide behind rigid roles or facades. Who they are in their personal life and in their professional work is congruent.

have a sense of humor

They are able to put the events of life in perspective. They have not forgotten how to laugh, especially at their own foibles and contradictions.

May make mistakes and are willing to admit them.

They do not dismiss their errors lightly, yet they do not choose to dwell on misery.

Generally live in the present

They are not riveted to the past, nor are they fixated on the future. They are able to experi ence and be present with others in the “now.”

Appreciate the influence of culture

They are aware of the ways in which their own culture affects them, and they respect the diversity of values espoused by other cultures. They are sensitive to the unique differences arising out of social class, race, sexual orientation, and gender.

Have a sincere interest in the welfare of others

This concern is based on respect, care, trust, and a real valuing of others.

Possess good interpersonal skills

They are capable of entering the world of others without getting lost in this world, and they strive to create collaborative relationships with others. They readily entertain another person’s perspective and can work together toward consensual goals.

Become deeply involved in their work and derive meaning from it

They can accept the rewards flowing from their work, yet they are not slaves to their work.

Are passionate

They have the courage to pursue their dreams and passions, and they radiate a sense of energy.

Able to maintain healthy boundaries

Although they strive to be fully present for their clients, they don’t carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours. They know how to say no, which enables them to maintain balance in their lives.

Bracketing

Managing your personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process is referred to as _____

Value imposition

Refers to counselors directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Cognitive (Mind)

Focuses on thoughts, beliefs, and how they influence behavior (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy).

Affective (Heart)

Emphasizes emotions and feelings in the therapeutic process (e.g., Person-Centered Therapy).

Behavioral (Body/Actions)

Concentrates on observable behaviors and changing maladaptive patterns (e.g., Behavioral Therapy).

Empathy

The ability to communicate understanding of another person’s experience from that person’s perspective.

Sincerity

A personal commitment to consistency between what is professed and what is done

Integrity

Commitment to being moral in dealings with others, personal straightforwardness, honesty and coherence.

Resilience

The capacity to work with the client’s concerns without being personally diminished

Respect

Showing appropriate esteem to others and their understanding of themselves.

Humility

The ability to assess accurately and acknowledge one’s own strengths and weaknesses.

Competence

The effective deployment of the skills and knowledge needed to do what is required.

Fairness

The consistent application of appropriate criteria to inform decisions and actions.

Wisdom

Possession of sound judgment that informs practice

Courage

The capacity to act despite known fears, risks and uncertainty

Human Diversity

Encompasses all forms of oppression, discrimination, and prejudice, including those directed toward people based on their age, gender, socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, disability, or sexual orientation

Effective Multicultural counselor

recognize diversity issues and shape counseling practice to fit the client’s worldview

Ethical obligation

Understand cultural differences and to assist clients in making decisions congruent with their worldview, not to live by your values as a counselor/ therapist