microbio module 2

Enzyme

a protein or group of proteins to catalyze chemical reactions

Cofactor

a small chemical component to assist enzymes during catalysis reactions

catabolism

breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources

anabolism

building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecules

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, most common source of energy, can donate energy

ADP

adenosine diphosphate, can accept energy

phototrophs

acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP

chemotrophs

acquire energy from existing chemicals in the environment

organotrophs

remove electrons from organic molecules

lithiotrophs

remove electrons from inorganic molecules

heterotroph

a microorganism that derives its carbon from organic molecules, consume for energy

autotroph

organisms that derive their carbon from inorganic molecules, make their own energy

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group (ATP to ADP)

photophosphorylation

light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP

substrate level phosphorylation

a chemical’s phosphoryl (PO3) group is transferred and donated to ADP

phosphorylated reactive intermediate

the group losing the phosphate group

oxidative phosphorylation

the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP

catabolizing glucose yields up to 38 ATP in three steps

polysaccharides

too large to transport across the plasma membrane so they are degraded via enzymes secreted from the microbe

proteins

too large to transport across the plasma membrane so they are degraded via proteases into smaller units (possible amino acids)

lipids

rich in energy with many reduced carbon molecules, produces 48 ATP

carbon fixation

converting CO2 and H2O into organic carbon compounds and useful carbohydrates

protease

catalyzes the breakdown of protein, used when we eat to collect nutrients

catalase

accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, protects from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species

lipase

catalyzes the breakdown of lipids, metabolize fats when glucose is not available

hydrolases

catalyze hydrolysis, the breaking apart of chemical bonds by adding water

isomerases

promote intramolecular rearrangements by altering bonds or confirmations in the molecule

ligases

cause covalent bonds to be formed between molecules

lyases

cause the breaking of bonds not by hydrolysis or oxidation

oxidoreductases

catalyze the transfer of electrons from the reductant to the oxidant

transferases

act to transfer a specific functional group from one molecule to another

active site

a chemical structure bound only by select target molecules

substrate

the molecule undergoing the reaction, bind to the active site of the enzyme to convert accordingly, then released the product is released