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dipole moment
separation of charge between 2 identical bonded atoms, greater difference = greater dipole
molecule polarity
nonpolar covalent bonds → nonpolar molecule
polar covalent bonds → nonpolar (symmetrical) and polar (nonsymmetrical) molecules
london dispersion forces
temporary and instant dipoles that induce a temporary dipole in surrounding molecules created by random movements of electrons inside the molecule
weakest, nonpolar → polar
dipole
a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance
dipole dipole
permanent dipoles attracted to permanent dipoles, positive end of H2O attracted to the negative end of another
exhibits LDFs, polar → polar
hydrogen bonds
specific dipole dipole, polar H molecules attracted to F, O, N
exhibits LDFs, polar → polar
dipole induced
permanent dipole pulls/is attracted to an ionic compound, then pulls it apart by water surrounding it, the negative end surrounds the positive end
high IMFs = — volatility
low in covalent networks and high in molecules
superconductor properties
high MP/BP = low radius
high charges in metal
high amount of density and electrons
low temp = low electrical resistance
lattice energy
tells how strong an ionic bond is
more energy levels = further distance = weaker attraction
lattice structure
continuous 3D structure
when you dont have enough valence electrons in a lewis structure
add double and triple bonds
when you have too many valence electrons in a lewis structure
add nonbonding pairs
exceptions to the octet rule
Helium: 2
Hydrogen: 2
Carbon: 4
Beryllium: 4
Boron: 6
Aluminum: 6
Sulfur: 8 or 12
Xenon: 8 or 12
formal charge
formal charge = valence electrons - assigned electrons
for negative charges, extra electrons are assigned to the most electronegative element
linear (2ED)
2ED
AB2
180
CO2
Symmetrical
Trigonal planar
3ED
AB3
120
BH3
Symmetrical
Bent (3ED)
3ED
AB2E
120
SO2
Tetrahedral
4ED
AB4
CH4
109
Symmetrical
Trigonal Pyramidal
4ED
AB3E
104
NH3
Bent (4ED)
4ED
AB2E2
109
H2O
Trigonal bipyramidal
5ED
AB5
180, 120, 90
PF5
Symmetrical
Seesaw
5ED
AB4E
180, 120, 90
SF4
T-shaped
5ED
AB3E2
180, 90
ClF3
Linear (5ED)
5ED
AB2E3
180
XeCl2
Symmetrical
Octahedral
6ED
AB6
180, 90
SF6
Symmetrical
Square pyramidal
6ED
AB5E
90
BrF5
Square planar
6ED
AB5E2
90
XeF4
Symmetrical
