Anatomy Unit 4 Skeletal System (Part 1)

what are the 5 roles of the skeletal system? briefly describe them

• support

  • provides framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs

• storage of minerals and lipids

  • stores calcium salts (most abundant mineral in the body)

  • stores lipids in yellow marrow

• blood cell production

  • called hematopoiesis

  • RBC, WBC, and other blood elements produced in red marrow

• protection

  • surrounds important organs

• leverage

  • functions as levers to change the magnitude and direction of forces generated by muscles

what is bone classification based on?

• shape

• internal tissues

what are bone markings based on?

• projections, depressions, and openings

  • on the surface of bones

• attachment

  • muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment sites

• joints

  • joint surfaces

• openings/passages

  • openings/passages blood vessels & nerves pass through

what are the 6 bone shapes?

• long bones

• flat bones

• sutural bones

• irregular bones

• short bones

• sesamoid bones

describe the appearance, function, and location of long bones

• appears relatively long and slender

• functions as levers

• locations:

  • arm, forearm (humerus, radius, ulna)

  • thigh, leg (femur, tibia)

  • palms, fingers (metacarpals, phalanges)

  • soles of feet, toes (metatarsals, phalanges)

describe the appearance and location of flat bones

• appearance:

  • thin, roughly parallel surfaces

• locations:

  • roof of skull

  • sternum

  • ribs

  • scapula

what is another name for sutural bones? describe the appearance and location of sutural bones

known as “Wormian bones”

• appearance:

  • small, flat, irregular bones

• located between the flat bones of the skull

  • varies between individuals

describe the appearance and location of irregular bones

• appearance:

  • complex shapes

  • short, flat, notched/ridged surfaces

• locations:

  • spinal vertebrae

  • pelvic bones

  • several skull bones

describe the appearance and location of short bones

• appearance:

  • small, boxy

• locations:

  • carpal (wrist) bones

  • tarsal (ankle) bones

describe the appearance and location of sesamoid bones

• appearance:

  • small, flat

• location:

  • develops inside tendons

    • near the knee, hand, and foot joints

    • varies between individuals

  • patellae (found in everyone)

what are the 3 general bone markings? where are they found?

• depressions/grooves

  • found on bone surfaces

• elevations/projections

  • found at tendon and ligament attachments

  • at articulations with other bones

• tunnels

  • found where blood and nerves enter the bone

what are the 2 types of general elevations and projections?

• process

• ramus

what is the definition of a process?

• any projection or bump

what is the definition of a ramus?

• an extension of a bone

  • creates an angle with the rest of the structure

what are the 6 types of processes formed at tendon/ligament attachments?

• trochanter

• tuberosity

• tubercle

• crest

• line

• spine

what is the definition of a trochanter?

• a large, rough projection

what is the definition of a tuberosity?

• a smaller, rough projection

what is the definition of a tubercle?

• a small, rounded projection

what is the definition of a crest? give an example of a bone that has a crest

• a prominent ridge

ex. femur (hips)

what is the definition of a line?

• a low ridge

what is the definition of a spine?

• a pointed process

what are the 5 types of processes formed for adjacent bone articulation?

• head

• neck

• condyle

• trochlea

• facet

what is the definition of a head?

• “ball-like” shape

• the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck

what is the definition of a neck?

• a narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

what is the definition of a condyle?

• a smooth, rounded articular process

what is the definition of a trochlea?

• a smooth, grooved articular process

  • shaped like a pulley

what is the definition of a facet?

• a small, flat articular surface

what are the 2 types of depressions?

• fossa

• sulcus

what is the definition of a fossa?

• a shallow depression

what is the definition of a sulcus?

• a narrow groove

what are the 4 types of openings?

• foramen

• canal

• fissure

• sinus/antrum

what is the definition of a foramen?

• a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

what is the definition of a canal?

• a passageway through the substance of a bone

what is the definition of a fissure?

• an elongate cleft

what is the definition of an antrum?

• a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

as an organ, what does the bone do?

as a dynamic organ…

• responds to the body’s health and stresses placed on it, affecting bone shape and growth

what do ligaments connect? what type of tissue makes up a ligament?

• connects bone to bone/cartilage

• connective tissue

what do tendons connect? what type of tissue makes up a tendon?

• connects bone to muscle

• connective tissue

what is bone made up of? what attributes do they have?

• collagen protein

  • flexibility

• calcium phosphate

  • strength

the structure of bone varies based on what? briefly describe the 2 categories

• shape

  • long bone

  • flat bone

what are the 4 components of long bones? describe them

• periosteum

  • sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the bone

  • has blood vessels and nerves to provide bone with nutrition and sensation

• diaphysis

  • the shaft of a bone

    • has a heavy wall of compact bone

    • has a central space called the marrow cavity

• epiphysis

  • wide part of each end of the bone

  • articulates with other bones

  • made up of mostly spongy bone

    • covered with compact bone

• metaphysics

  • where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet

describe the appearance and composition of flat bones

• resembles a sandwich

• composition:

  • a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

    • within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone is called the diploe