(Unit 3) Psychology 1020: Chapter 6 Memory & Cognition

Memory is the flip side of _____.

Learning

The physiological change in the brain that represents a memory is known as an ____.

engram.

Memory in a brain is not located in one tiny area; it is spread through ____.

neural networks

In 1954, in Montreal, a man with epilepsy underwent a brain operation to remove the abnormal tissue causing his seizures. His ____ was destroyed, and therefore he has ___ amnesia. This man is known as ____.

hippocampus; anterograde; Henry Molaison

In ___ amnesia a person has experienced a blow to the head or injury that interferes with the formation of memories for events from the before the injury.

retrograde

The hippocampal area of the brain is necessary for what is called ___ memory.

declarative

A second kind of memory involves storing information in the brain about moving our bodies in certain learned ways. This is called ___ memory.

procedural

Memory of general facts is known as ___ memory.

sematic

The storehouse of things that have happened to you, events in a particular setting and at a specific time, is called ___ memory.

episodic

Memories of skills and habits are stored in circuits of nerve cells in the ___ of the brain.

cerebellum

Responses that are emotional in nature are stored in the brain’s ___ system, particularly in the ____.

limbic; amygdala

The first step in memory is to get things into the brain. This process is simply called ____.

encoding.

Memory depends on both cues (____ stimuli) and states (____ body conditions).

internal; external

The physiological process of storing memories is called ___.

consolidation.

The final step in the memory process is to get information out of storage when you want it. This process is called ___.

retrieval.

____ is a type of retrieval that requires you to find something in your memory without any help.

free recall

The easiest type of memory retrieval is called ____.

recognition.

When you want to learn a number of things in particular order it is most difficult to recall things from the _____. This is called the ____ effect.

middle, serial position

The information in sensory memory rapidly fades away - a process called ____.

decay.

Some people are able to look at picture and later recall very precise details about it. This rare ability is known as ______.

eidetic memory.

Psychologist George Miller called the capacity of short-term memory “____.”

the Magic Number 7 plus or minus 2

The process of dislodging items with new information is called ____.

displacement

The items in short-term memory are called ____, because they are not limited by their size.

chunks

There are two ways to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory: ___ and ___.

rehearsal; mnemonics

A _____ device is a gimmick, trick, or aide that helps store information into memory.

mnemonic

“One is a bun” is a ____ method.

pegwood

Mentally putting things in places in order to remember them is called the method of ____.

loci

The first psychologist to experimentally study forgetting was Hermann ____.

Ebbinghaus

Sigmund Freud proposed that sometimes memory retrieval is blocked by ____.

repression.

Some psychologists argue that many of the repressed memories of traumatic events are actually ____ memories.

false

Psychologist Elizabeth ____ has been in the forefront of the view that false memories can be ___.

Loftus; created or distorted.

Events that are surprising and important, such as disasters and assassinations are remembered as ____ memories. Typically, people remember the ____ of such events very well.

flashbulb, details

The most common cause of forgetting information from long-term storage is _____.

interefernce

In 1949, psychologist Donald ____ theorized that memory must stored in what he called _____.

Hebb; cell assemblies

LTP occurs because of a chemical receptor called the ____ receptor.

NMDA

Just as brain cell connections can be strengthened, they can be weakened by physiological events. This process is called ___-____.

long-term depression

Long-term potentiation (LTP) occurs in the cells of the ____.

hippocampus

“Doogie” mice or ____ mice are the result of ____ engineering.

smart, genetic

The study of perception, attention, memory, and problem solving is called _____ psychology.

cognitive

The Whorfian hypothesis says that language influences the way we ____.

Think

A topic of psychology that studies nonconscious cognitive processes is called ____.

automaticity

A person hears a syllable that is combination of what is being said and what is on the lips in the ____ effect.

McGurk

You might miss seeing something right in front you if you are paying attention to something else. This is called ____.

inattentional blindness.

Experiments on change blindness found that most people did not notice when a man behind a counter ____.

changed to different man

The eyes and mouth are upside down if a face has been ____.

thatcherized

Self-control or will power was tested in children using a sweet treat in what is called the ____ test.

marshmallow

Naming the colors of words is difficult in the ___ test.

Stroop

Exposure to a stimulus will influence the reaction to the same or similar stimulus later in _____.

priming.

Unconscious prejudice is measured by the IAT which stands for ____.

Implicit Association Test

1. smart mice

genetic engineering

2. H.M.

anterograde amnesia

3. head trauma

retrograde amnesia

4. LTP

NMDA receptor

5. short-term memory capacity

7 plus or minus 2

6. temporal lobe

cell assemblies

7. snails (aplysia)

kinase protein

8. procedural memory

body memory

9. loci

places

10. Donald Hebb

cell assemblies

11. episodic memory

time and space

12. fade away

decay

13. semantic memory

general facts

14. Ebbinghause

study of forgetting

15. eidetic imagery

photographic memory

16. iconic memory

sensory memory

17. mnemonics

memory aids

18. one is a bun

a pegword technique

Your friend is studying physics and creates a mnemonic device to help remember Newton’s laws. This will aid her _____ memory of the material.

semantic

Larry had a stroke and suffered retrograde amnesia. This means that Larry lost his memory for everything that happened:

within an hour before his stroke

A waiter remembers customers’ orders by grouping them into categories such as fish, veggies, pasta, etc. What principle is being used?

chunking

Jim uses the method of loci to memorize facts in his literature class. Which of these might he be doing?

mentally putting a certain book in his kitchen

Who did the first scientific studies of forgetting?

Ebbinghaus

What kind of amnesia did H.M. have?

anterograde

You remember that Spain is a country. This fact is stored in your ____ memory.

sematic

Your mother runs up to you at school and tells you that you won the lottery! Years later you remember the details of this event very well. This is an example of ___ memory.

flashbulb

What kind of memory is it when you remember how to ride a bike?

procedural

What kind of memory is it when you remember your first-grade classroom?

episodic

Memories are stored in the brain in ____.

neural networks

Karl Lashley is known for his search for the ____.

engram

A type of amnesia that results from psychological shock is called ____.

dissociative

Princess Diana’s bodyguard suffered a blow to his head in the car accident that killed her. His memories of the incident:

are permanently lost because they were not stored

Our conscious memories, those that we think about mentally, are called ____.

declarative

I remember that the plural of “mouse” is “mice.” This is an example of ___ memory.

semantic

You are hired to work with a patient who has anterograde amnesia. You know that this person can learn using:

classical conditioning

A memory stored in the amygdala is likely to involve ____.

emotions

A type of procedural memory is ___.

priming

Your memory of personal facts that happened to you is called ___.

episodic

Which of these would be typical for a flashbulb memory?

a computer company called you for an interview

The most difficult type of retrieval is _____.

free recall

TOT stands for

tip of the tongy

Things at the beginning of a list are easy to remember because of the ___ effect.

primacy

The serial position effect says you should spend more time studying the ___ of a chapter.

middle

How long does a sensory memory last?

split second

How long does short-term memory last?

about 30 seconds

How long does long-term memory last?

it is unlimited

Alexander Luria wrote about a person with a kind of photographic memory called ___.

eidetic memory.

Making groupings in order to squeeze more into short-term memory is called ____.

chunking.

Displacement occurs in ____.

short-term memory

The pegword methos is a ___ device.

mnemonic

Hermann Ebbinghaus used ___ in his studies of forgetting.

nonsense syllables