Carbs, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrate

Family of molecules used for energy

Organic Chemistry

An area of study involving molecules where carbon atoms are bonded to other carbon atoms.

Biomolecule

Large molecules needed for life

Biosynthesis

The process where monomers are bonded together to make polymers. Water is also a product.

Hydrolysis

The process where polymers are broken down into monomers. Water needs to be added.

Monomer

Small molecules used to make large molecules.

Polymer

Large molecule made up of smaller molecules.

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule. Used for quick energy.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharide

A large carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides. Used for long term energy.

Lipids

A family of molecules that consist of fats, waxes, and oils

Glycerol

A molecule that is the backbone of every lipid

Fatty acids

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen that make up lipids

Saturated fats

Fatty acid chains where there are only single bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temp.

Unsaturated fats

Fatty acid chains where there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Liquid at room temp.

Glucose and Fructose

Examples of monosaccharides

Sucrose and lactose

Examples of disaccharides

Starch

A polysaccharide made by plants, used for long-term energy.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide found in animal cells, used for energy.

Chitin

A polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.

Protein

Large organic compound made of CHON and sometimes S.

Amino acid

Monomer of a protein

Polypeptide

Polymer made of many amino acids

R-group

variable group found on amino acids- gives amino acids different properties

peptide bond

holds amino acids together

nucleic acid

Large macromolecule made up of nucleotides. Elements include CHONP.

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids, consists of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base

Functions of proteins

Speed up chemical reactions, body structure like hair and skin, helps control cell growth.

Functions of nucleic acids

Stores and transmits genetic code, codes for the production of proteins.