Bio Final Exam

Cililia- Movement

Ciliated cellls in the trachea move mucus out to keep the respiratoy tract clear

Flagella

Propels the cell

The Three Filaments:

1. Microfilaments (Actin filaments)

2. Intermediate Filaments

3. Microtubules

Cytoskeleton Function:

• Maintains the cells shape

• Transport of materials

• Junctions: Holds the cells together

• Movement

What are the hydrophobic regions of the membrane?

Nonpolar tail

What are hydrophilic regions of the membrane?

Polar head

Plasma Membrane Function

To contain the cell’s contents (Cytoplasm, organelles)

• To prevent substance from entering the cell

Plasma Membrane (Components)

1. Phospholipid Bilayer

2. Channel proteins allow certain molecules through

3. Cholesterol adds structure

4. Glycolax attach lipids and proteins for ID

Mitochondria

To produce energy (ATP) for the cell

Lysosomes

Digest foreign materials and old organelles

Golgi Apparatus

Processes proteins and lipids

• Adds sugar tags

• Sorts and ships proteins to their location

Ribosomes

To build proteins

Smooth ER Functions:

• Makes lipids

• Builds vesicles

• Detoxifies cells

• Hormone manufacture (testes)

Nucleus function

To protect the cell’s DNA

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Folding and processing of some proteins

Reproductive System

• Ovaries, Uterus, Testes

• Produces gametes

• Nurtures offspring

Endocrine System

• Thyroid, other glands

• Produces hormones

Nervous System

• Bain, Spinal cord

• Receives sensory input

• Sends signals for motor responses

Muscular Sytem

• Muscles

• Moves your body

• Maintains posture

• Generates heat

Skeletal System

• Bones

• Supports and moves the body

• Protects the brains and organs

• Stores minerals

• Makes blood

Urinary System

• Kidneys, Bladder

• Excrete waste

• Maintains blood pH

Respiratory System

• Lungs

• Gas exchange

Digestive System

• Stomach, intestines, mouth- anus

• Ingest and digest food

• Eliminates waste

Lymphatic System

• Lymph, spleen

• Defends against infectious disease

Cardiovascular System

• Heart and blood vessels

• Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes

Integumentary System

• Skin

• Protects from injury and infection

• Regulates body temp

• Sensory input

Name the 4 Tissue Types

• Connective Tissue

• Muscular Tissue

• Nervous Tissue

• Epithelial Tissue

Muscular Tissue Function

To move the body

Epithelial Tissue

• To protect the body

• Covers surfaces and lines organs

Bone

Structure, strength, protection

Blood

Delivers oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide waste, and distributes heat

Lymph

Absorbs excess interstitial fluid

Type of muscle tissue

• Skeletal muscle

• Smooth muscle

• Cardiac muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Function: Voluntary movement in the body

• Occurs in muscles attached to skeleton

Cardiac Muscle

Function: Pumping blood throughout the body

• Occurs in the wall of the heart

• Involuntarily

Smooth Muscle

Function: Movement of substances in lumens of body

• Found in blood vessel walls and the walls of the digestive tract

• Voluntarily

Cartilage

Structure, shape, protection, and flexibility

Dense Fibrous connective tissue

• Ligaments: connect bone to bone

• Tendons: connect muscle to bone

Adipose tissue (fat cells)

• Insulates the body

• Stores energy

• Cushions the organs

Loose- Fibrous connective Tissue

Supports the epithelium and organs

Types of connective tissue

• Loose-Fibrous Connective Tissue

• Adipose Tissue

• Dense Fibrous connective tissue

• Cartilage

• Bone

• Blood

• Lymph

Connective Tissue Function

• To connect and support the body

Nervous Tissue Function

To communicate information

Functions of Semilunar Valves

They prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles after it has been pumped out . (Pulmonary, Circuit)

Systemic Pathway

Left ventricle, through aorta, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vena cava, ti right atrium

Pulmonary Pathway

Right Ventricle, through pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, to left atrium

Two Circuits of the cardiovascular system

• Pulmonary Circuit— Blood from the heart to the lungs

• Systemic Circuit- Blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Function of AV valves

They prevent back flow of blood into the aorta when the ventricles contract

• Tricuspid, Bicuspid

Which chambers discharge blood?

Right ventricle, Left ventricle

Which chambers receive blood?

Right atrium and Left atrium

Capilliaries

Tiny thin vessels for gas exchange

Veins

Return blood to the heart

• Have valves to prevent back flow of blood under low pressure

Arteries

Takes blood away from the heart

• Contains more muscle to handle blood under pressure

Types of Blood Vessels

• Arteries

• Veins

• Capillaries

Digestive Organs

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus, (Accessory Digestive Organs)- Live, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Salivary Glands

Pancreas

• Secretes digestive enzymes

• Secrete sodium to neutralize stomach acid

• Secretes insulin to regulate blood glucose levels

Liver

• Produces bile

• Detoxifies Blood

• Stores iron and vitamins

• Stores glycogen

• Regulates Blood Cholesterol Levels

Gallbladder

Secretes and stores bile

Anus

Poop comes out the anus

• Final part of the digestive tract

Rectum

Stores feces before they are exoelled from the body

Large Intestine

• Absorbs water

• Forms waste (caca)

Small Intestine

Consists of duodenum, jejejum, lleuml

• Digestion is completed in the small intestine

• Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

Stomach

Regulates the amount of digested material that exist the stomach

Esophagus

Connects the pharynx with stomach

Salivary Glands

Saliva contains amylase: Enzyme that breaks down starch

Mouth

Begins digestion by chewing food

Trachea

Passageway for air to move to and from lungs

Larynx

Passageway for air

Voice production (voice box)

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Collecting duct

Tube that collects urine from the nephrons

Glomerulus Capsule (Bowmans capsule)

Structure that contains that glomerulus and is involved in filtration

Nephrons

Filtering units of the Kidney

• Urine is made in the nephron

Parts of a neuron

• Cell Body (main part with organelles)

• Dendrites ( small branches off the cell body)

• Axon ( single long branch off the cell body that conducts impulses away from the cell body)

Four type of neurolgia

• Astrocytes ( star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to neurons)

• Microglia ( phagocytes * remove dead cells and pathogens)

• Oligodendrocytes ( form myelin sheaths on axons in the Central Nervous System)

• Schwann Cells ( form myelin sheaths on axons in the Peripheral Nervous System)

Types of Neurons

• Sensory Neurons ( Afferent Neurons conduct sensory information to the spinal cord and brain)

• Motor Neurons ( Efferent Neurons conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands)

• Interneurons ( Central neurons or connecting neurons in the Central Nervous System conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons)

Name and Identify the 4 major parts of the brain

• Brain Stem-medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

• Diencephalon- Hypothalamus, thalamus

• Cerebellum

• Cerebrum

What are the parts of the brainstem?

Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Midbrain

What are the parts of the Diencephalon?

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

• Maintains Homeostasis

Thalamus

• Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

• Maintains balance, posture, coordinates smooth, controlled

Cerebrum

• Sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements

Autonomic Nervous System

Involuntary, sympathetic division, parasympathetic division

Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary

Sympathetic Divisions

• Emergency fight or flight 

• Accelerators Heartbeat

• Dilates Bronchi

• Inhibits digestive organs

• Norepinephrine

Parasympathetic Divisions

• Rest and Digest

• Relaxation

• Digestion

• Slows Heartbeat

• Acetylcholine