CHLORIDE

Chloride

Major extracellular anion which is the counterpart of Na+

Water, osmotic

Chloride Shift, Hamburger Phenomenon

Chloride

Functions:

_ balance and _ pressure (w/ Na+)

Regulates acid-base balance (_ _/_ _)

Hartog Jacob Hamburger

Chloride

Functions:

Who discovered the chloride shift?

bicarbonate, chloride

gastric juice

Chloride

Functions:

The exchange of _ and _ across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) in the cardiovascular system

Contributes to the acidity of _ _

Kidneys

GI tract

Sweat

Chloride

Excretions (3)

Hypochloremia

Chloride

Decreased concentration of chloride ions in the blood

Hyperchloremia

Chloride

Increased concentration of chloride ions in the blood

Prolonged vomiting

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Aldosterone deficiency

Salt losing renal diseases such as pyelonephritis

Metabolic alkalosis

Profuse sweating

Addison’s disease (low cortisol and aldosterone)

Hypochloremia Causes (7)

Dehydration

GI losses

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

Metabolic acidosis

Congestive heart failure

Cushing’s syndrome

Hyperchloremia Causes (6)

Serum

Plasma (lithium/ammonium heparin)

24 hour urine

Sweat

Specimen (4)

lower, HCO3-

decreased

Interferences

Slightly _ in postprandial specimen serum with high concentration of _

Hemolysis - false _

ISE method

Methods of Measurement

The most common method

ISE method

Methods of Measurement

Uses silver sulfide and silver chloride membrane

Amperometric-coulometric

Methods of Measurement

Accurate

Gives direct read-out chloride concentration

Cotlove

chloridometer

Methods of Measurement

Amperometric-coulometric

Adaptations: _ (digital) titrator or _

Schales and Schales

Methods of Measurement

Cl ions + Mercuric nitrate to form mercuric chloride (soluble) with drop of mercuric nitrate, the indicator will change from colorless or faint pink to violet

faint pink to violet

Methods of Measurement

Schales and Schales color reaction

Zall color reaction

Methods of Measurement

Reagent contains Mercuric thiocyanate and ferric nitrate

Reddish brown ferric thiocyanate

Methods of Measurement

Zall color reaction

Schoenfeld & Lewellen

Methods of Measurement

Method used in the experiment

mercuric chloride

ferric ions

orange-yellow

480-492

Methods of Measurement

Schoenfeld & Lewellen

Principle: Chloride ions in serum displaces thiocyanate ions from the mercuric thiocyanate forming _ _ which is only very slightly ionized. The liberated thiocyanate ions react with _ _ to form an _-_ thiocyanate complex which is measured at _-_ nm. The color intensity is proportional to the chloride concentration

492

Methods of Measurement

Schoenfeld & Lewellen

Mix well and read at _ nm against water blank after one minute

100 mmol/L

Computation factor

1

Conversion factor

mEq/L

SI unit

96-110 mmol/L

Normal Range

Serum

125-135 mmol/L

Normal Range

CSF

170-255 mmol/L

Normal Range

Urine (24H urine sample)

TPTZ Method, Photometric Colorimetric Test

Method of Measurement (lab manual)

blue colored complex

Method of Measurement (lab manual)

Color reaction

355

Computation factor if mg/dL