A&P 2 Diseases and Epidemiology

Pathology

Study of disease

Etiology

Cause of disease

Pathogenesis

Manner which disease develops

Pathology is concerned with the — and — changes brought on by disease

Structural and Functional

Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms

Infection

Occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health

Infectious disease

Abnormal state in which part or all of body incapable of performing its normal functions

Disease

Epidemiology

Science of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

Normal microbiota

Microbes more or less permanent colonize but do not produce disease

Transient microbiota

Present for several day, weeks, months and then disappear

Factors that determine microbes growth and composition

Nutrients, temperature, pH, available o2 and co2, salinity and sunlight

Microbial antagonism aka competitive exclusion

Normal microbiota prevent growth of harmful organisms. When balance upset disease can happen

Symbiosis

Relationship between two organisms where one organism is dependent on the other

E. Coli can cause what if it gets out of large intestine

UTI, pulmonary infections, meningitis, abscesses

Sign vs Symptom

Sign you can observe, symptom is what they tell you

Syndrome

Specific groups of symptoms or signs may always accompany a particular disease

Communicable disease

Infected person transmits to another and they become infected

Contagious disease

Disease very communicable and capable of spreading easily and rapidly

COVID-19, chickenpox, measles

Noncommunicable disease

Not spread from one host to another. Tetanus is example

Sporadic disease

Occurs occasionally

Endemic disease

Disease constantly present in a population

Pandemic disease

Epidemic that occurs Worldwide

Duration of a disease

Avg time have the disease from diagnosis until cured or die

Acute disease

Develops rapidly but short duration

Subacute disease

Between acute and chronic

Latent disease

Causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active and produces symptoms

Pneumonia - what happens to alveoli and bronchiole

Fluid in alveoli and inflamed bronchiole

Focal infection

Local infection spread to other parts of body where they are confined

Septicemia

Blood poisoning, systemic infection

Bacteremia

Presence of bacteria in blood

Toxemia

Presence of toxins in blood

Viremia

Presence of virus in blood

Primary vs secondary infection

Primary is active infection that causes illness. Secondary is one caused by opportunistic pathogen after body weakened by primary