Myology

Myology

Study of muscles, including their structure, function, and components.

Muscle

A specialized contractile tissue whose cellular unit is myocyte.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle under voluntary control, representing 50-60% of the dressed body, mostly attached to the skeleton.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle confined to the heart (myocardium) and controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), involuntary.

Smooth Muscle

Muscle found in the walls of internal hollow organs and blood vessels, including muscles like the bladder detrusor muscle.

Agonist

The muscle that produces most of the action/force on the joint, inducing a change in the angle it bridges.

Synergists

Muscles that help the agonist and eliminate unwanted movements.

Antagonist

Muscle that actively opposes the prime mover, maintaining some tension on a joint to limit the range of the agonist.

Fixators

Muscles that stabilize the joint/bone rather than promote movement.

Intrinsic Muscles

Muscles that originate and insert within the same region (appendages)

Extrinsic Muscles

Muscles that originate in one region and insert in another (saddle muscles)

Myofibrils

Thousands of structures made of actin and myosin that form the muscle fiber (myofiber).

Endomysium

Connective tissue that encloses a muscle fiber.

Fascicle

A bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by perimysium.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that encloses a fascicle.

Epimysium

Connective tissue that encloses the entire skeletal muscle.

Tendon

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Characterized by having poor blood supply and are prone to injury or damage; cord-like

Locomotion

Movement of the body parts, such as walking and running.

Posture

The position of the body maintained by anti-gravity muscles.

Sphincters' tone

The tension maintained by muscles to control continence.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Micturition

The act of urination.

Parturition

The act of giving birth.

Digestion

The process of moving ingesta through the gastrointestinal tract.

Point of attachment

Refers to the origin point of the muscle for naming

Shape

Refers to the shape characteristic of the muscle for naming

Size

Refers to the size of the muscle relative to those around it. ex: Teres major/minor

Supinator/Pronator

Muscle functions that allow for the rotation of the forearm.

Location/Position

Refers to the topographical characteristics of the muscle for naming

Number of heads

Refers to the number of origin points for the same muscle; ex. Biceps ,Triceps brachii.

Number of bellies

Refers to the number of muscle "bodies" within the same muscle; ex. Digastricus, deep pectoral

Aponeurosis

A broad, flat tendon or sheet-like structure.

Sesamoid bones

Develop within tendons at stress points to increase leverage.

Sesamoid bone location

Quadriceps tendon/Patellar Ligament

Bursa

A small fluid-filled sac located between the tendon and the bone's stress point.

Subtendinous bursa

A congenital type of bursa, e.g., Infraspinatus.

Subcutaneous bursa

An acquired type of bursa, also known as Hygroma.

Tendon Sheath

A fluid-filled cylinder that encases the tendon when in contact with bone.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa.

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the synovial sheath.

Tendosynovitis

Inflammation of the tendon and the synovial sheath.

Retinaculum

Thickened, condensed deep fascia over the carpus and tarsus to prevent tendons from webbing.

Annular Ligaments

Thickened, condensed deep fascia over the digits.

Ligament

Attaches bone to bone.

Fascia

Collagenous fibrous tissue that holds the body together, superficial or deep.

Canine Skin

The largest organ of the body that provides protection and perceives various stimuli.

Lipomas

Abnormal benign aggregates of encapsulated lipid cells that are not life-threatening.