Honors Biology Midterm Study Set

Biology

the study of life

Eukaryote

an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; include animals, plants, and fungus but not bacteria

Prokaryote

a single-celled organism that has no nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacteria and archaea

Asexual Reprduction

reproduction that doesn't involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

DNA

the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Evolution

a heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one generation to the next; the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time

Sexual Reproduction

reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite

Tissue

a collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function

Organ

a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Organ System

a group of organs that accomplish related tasks

Organism

an independent individual that possesses all the characteristics of life

Cell

the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; it’s covered by a membrane and contains DNA and cytoplasm (and ribosomes)

Chloroplast

an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Golgi Apparatus

cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

Mitochondria

cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP

Nucleus

in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Ribosome

a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis

Cohesion

the force that holds molecules of a single material together

Hydrogen Bonds

The intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom(+) on one molecule bonds with a partially negative atom on another molecule. Example: happens between water molecules; happens between strands of DNA

Polar

Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends

Monomer

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Organic Macromolecule

A molecule of the kind normally found in living systems; usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains to which are attached to other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Polymer

a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units

Hydrolysis

type of reaction that adds water to break down a polymer

Carbohydrate

any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things

Protein

an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

Lipid

A large, nonpolar organic molecule including fats and steroids; store energy and make up cell membranes

Nucleic acid

An organic compound either RNA/DNA whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information

Amino acid

An organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group that makes up proteins

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed

Activation energy

The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction, it is lowered by an enzyme.

pH

A range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Active site

The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

carbohydrate

function quick energy, monsacharides, disacharides and polysacharides

passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion are types of this transport

active transport

endocytosis and exocytosis are types of this transport

dehydration synthesis

Type of reaction that removes a water to build a molecule

Surface tension

result of cohesion and adhesion

Activation energy

Enzymes help a reaction occur faster because they lower the _______________________ needed to the get the reaction started.

Catalysts

Because they make a reaction occur faster, enzymes are considered _______________________.

Proteins

What kind of macromolecule are enzymes?

substrate

An enzyme binds (is specific for) only one ________________.

active site

An enzyme binds its substrate at a location called the ______________________.

reaction

An enzyme catalyzes a specific ______________.

reactants

The substrate in an enzyme catalyzed reaction are the ___________________.

enzyme - substrate complex

The combination of enzyme and substrate in the active site are called the ____________________________.

products (f on picture)

An enzyme releases the ___________________ from the active site when the reaction is complete.

optimum temperature

Enzymes are affected by temperature. An increase in temperature increases enzyme activity until the enzyme reaches the _____________________.

denatures

Above optimum temperature the enzyme ________________________, or changes shape.

active site, substrate

Denaturation destroys an enzymes ability to catalyze a reaction because it changes the shape of the _________________________, not allowing the enzyme to bind its _________________.

Substrate concentration

__________________________________ greatly affects an enzyme's activity. An enzyme's activity will increase until all the active sites on each enzyme are filled.

pH, optimum pH

An enzyme's activity can be affected by ______. For example, digestive enzymes in the stomach (like pepsin) have a lower _____________________ than other enzymes.

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

Three factors that can affect enzyme activity are...

used again

An enzyme is not used up during a reaction. When it releases the products it can be _____________________ in more reactions.

photosynthesis, light is required and glucose is a product

What process is shown by this reaction? How can you tell?

carbon dioxide and water

What are the two reactants needed for photosynthesis?

light to chemical

What energy conversion takes place during photosynthesis?

ATP

Glucose made during photosynthesis is used to make _________ during cellular respiration.

formed, broken

The bonds in glucose are _____________ during photosynthesis, and ____________ during cellular respiration.

Chloroplast

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

Glucose and oxygen

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Cellular respiration (it is a reactant)

How do consumers and plants use the oxygen released during photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

What is the primary pigment found in chloroplasts? It reflects green light.

To absorb sunlight so it can be used to make glucose.

What is the primary function of chlorophyll?

As starch

In what form does a plant store excess glucose?

Cellular respiration

What process is shown in this reaction?

Glucose (chemical energy) --> ATP (also chemical energy)

What energy conversions occur during cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?

Glucose is broken down to produce ATP (1 glucose produces 36 ATP)

What happens during cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen

What are the reactants in cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Glucose, ATP

The _________________ produced during photosynthesis is used to make ________ during cellular respiration.

reactants

The products of photosynthesis are the ___________________ for cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration

Which process (photosynthesis or cellular respiration) occurs in both plant and animal cells

photosynthesis, cellular respiration

Plant cells produce glucose during ___________________, and use glucose to make ATP during ________________________.

Plant cell

What type of cell (plant cell or animal cell) can carry out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates

Where is the energy found in an ATP molecule?

Re-charges it by adding a third phosphate group

What does a cell do with an ADP molecule?

From glucose

Where does a cell get the energy it needs to recharge ADP?

A process that requires energy (ex. active transport)

What does the cell use ATP for?

Light --> Glucose --> ATP --> Cell work

What is the flow of energy that results in work being done in the cell?

Living things reproduce

What characteristic of living things?

-Organisms either reproduce asexually or sexually

All living things are made of cells

What 'characteristic of living things' would best describe the following?

Living things are based on a universal genetic code

What characteristic of living things?

-DNA is a molecule found in every organism

Living things grow and develop

What characteristic of living things?

-Living things increase in size over time

-Living things progress through a life cycle.

Living things obtain materials and use energy(metabolism)

What characteristic of living things?

-Plants use light from the sun to make glucose

-Heterotrophs get energy from eating other organisms.

Living things respond to the environment

What characteristic of living things?

-Animals find shelter from the rain.

-Bears hibernate in the winter.

-Animals produce toxins to ward off predators.

Living things maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)

What characteristic of living things?

-We shiver or sweat to maintain body temperature?

-Plants open or close stomata to regulate water loss.

Living things change over time (evolve)

What characteristic of living things?