Studied by 5 people
A __________ disease is caused by a pathogen which can be passed between animals or plants.
communicable
A __________ is a disease-causing microorganism.
pathogen
Bacteria cause disease by dividing rapidly by __________.
binary fission
Once inside the body, bacteria can kill cells and produce __________ toxins.
harmful
Viruses cause disease by invading and reproducing inside __________ body cells.
living
Pathogens can spread by __________, water, and direct contact.
air
Pathogens can be reduced by improving __________, reducing contact, removing vectors, and vaccination.
hygiene
Many viral diseases are difficult to treat because scientists have not developed __________ yet.
cures
Measles is a serious viral disease that can cause __________ and brain damage.
blindness
HIV attacks and damages the __________ system.
immune
HIV is spread through direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily __________.
fluids
To prevent HIV spread, we can use __________ and not share needles.
condoms
Tobacco mosaic virus causes leaf __________ when cells are damaged.
discolouration
The __________ is a common method for reducing the spread of malaria.
use of insect nets
The skin acts as a __________ barrier against pathogens.
physical
The stomach kills pathogens by secreting __________ acid.
hydrochloric
Phagocytosis involves white blood cells ingesting and destroying __________.
pathogens
Antibodies are produced by white blood cells that are complementary to a specific __________.
antigen
Antitoxins neutralize __________ released by pathogens.
toxins
A vaccination contains a dead or __________ form of a pathogen.
inactivated
Herd immunity occurs when a sufficiently high proportion of a population is __________ to a disease.
immune
Vaccinations have been successful in eradicating diseases like __________.
smallpox
A major disadvantage of vaccinations is that they may not be guaranteed to __________.
work
_____________ are used to cure some bacterial diseases.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics kill bacterial pathogens but do not kill __________ cells.
human
Antibiotics cannot treat viral diseases because they have no effect on __________ pathogens.
viral
Antibiotic resistance occurs when mutations lead to bacteria being __________ to an antibiotic.
resistant
To prevent antibiotic resistance, we should avoid the __________ use of antibiotics.
overuse
Painkillers only treat the __________ but do not kill pathogens.
symptoms
The heart drug digitalis is extracted from __________.
foxgloves
Aspirin originates from a compound found in __________ bark.
willow
Penicillin was discovered by __________ from a type of mould.
Alexander Fleming
A good medicine must be effective, safe, stable, and able to be __________ easily.
removed
When developing new drugs, three main factors tested are toxicity, efficacy, and __________.
dose
Preclinical testing is carried out in a __________ using cells, tissues, and live animals.
laboratory
Clinical testing uses healthy __________ and patients.
volunteers
In a double-blind trial, neither the patient nor the __________ knows if they are receiving the drug or placebo.
doctor
A peer review is where drug trial results are checked by __________ knowledgeable in this field.
scientists
The __________ system has mucus that traps pathogens.
respiratory
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by __________ sex.
unprotected
Symptoms of salmonella food poisoning include fever, abdominal cramping, vomiting, and __________.
diarrhoea
The rose black spot fungus causes yellowing and premature __________ of leaves.
dropping
Malaria is caused by __________ pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes.
protist
Insects may act as __________ that transfer pathogens between plants.
vectors
To limit the spread of __________________, keep raw and cooked meat separate.
salmonella
Vaccination helps the body produce __________ against pathogens.
antibodies
Using insecticides helps prevent the spread of __________.
malaria
The __________ of the respiratory system traps and expels pathogens.
ciliated cells
Hygiene practices such as handwashing can help reduce the spread of __________.
pathogens
Measles can be transmitted through air by inhaling droplets from __________.
coughs
Direct contact can facilitate the spread of __________ diseases.
plant
Antimicrobial secretions from the skin can help kill __________.
pathogens
The presence of healthy skin flora competes with __________ to prevent infection.
pathogens
Antibody production allows for rapid response during a __________ infection.
second
It is critical to keep food such as raw meat well __________ to prevent salmonella.
cooked
The common cold is primarily spread by __________ infection.
droplet
Symptoms of __________ include fever and shaking, and can be serious.
malaria
Measles causes a red skin rash and is highly __________.
contagious
To prevent spread of HIV, screening of blood for __________ is essential.
transfusions
HIV-positive mothers can reduce transmission by __________-feeding infants.
bottle
Fungal diseases like rose black spot can be treated using __________.
fungicides
Helminths can form inactive cysts in the __________ but can also cause severe infections.
host organism
Painkillers are not a cure for __________ diseases, they only relieve symptoms.
infectious
The method used to cultivate antibiotics involves fermentation, often using the __________.
mould
The __________ of antibiotic resistance could lead to untreatable infections in the future.
increase
