Communicable Diseases

A __________ disease is caused by a pathogen which can be passed between animals or plants.

communicable

A __________ is a disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

Bacteria cause disease by dividing rapidly by __________.

binary fission

Once inside the body, bacteria can kill cells and produce __________ toxins.

harmful

Viruses cause disease by invading and reproducing inside __________ body cells.

living

Pathogens can spread by __________, water, and direct contact.

air

Pathogens can be reduced by improving __________, reducing contact, removing vectors, and vaccination.

hygiene

Many viral diseases are difficult to treat because scientists have not developed __________ yet.

cures

Measles is a serious viral disease that can cause __________ and brain damage.

blindness

HIV attacks and damages the __________ system.

immune

HIV is spread through direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily __________.

fluids

To prevent HIV spread, we can use __________ and not share needles.

condoms

Tobacco mosaic virus causes leaf __________ when cells are damaged.

discolouration

The __________ is a common method for reducing the spread of malaria.

use of insect nets

The skin acts as a __________ barrier against pathogens.

physical

The stomach kills pathogens by secreting __________ acid.

hydrochloric

Phagocytosis involves white blood cells ingesting and destroying __________.

pathogens

Antibodies are produced by white blood cells that are complementary to a specific __________.

antigen

Antitoxins neutralize __________ released by pathogens.

toxins

A vaccination contains a dead or __________ form of a pathogen.

inactivated

Herd immunity occurs when a sufficiently high proportion of a population is __________ to a disease.

immune

Vaccinations have been successful in eradicating diseases like __________.

smallpox

A major disadvantage of vaccinations is that they may not be guaranteed to __________.

work

_____________ are used to cure some bacterial diseases.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics kill bacterial pathogens but do not kill __________ cells.

human

Antibiotics cannot treat viral diseases because they have no effect on __________ pathogens.

viral

Antibiotic resistance occurs when mutations lead to bacteria being __________ to an antibiotic.

resistant

To prevent antibiotic resistance, we should avoid the __________ use of antibiotics.

overuse

Painkillers only treat the __________ but do not kill pathogens.

symptoms

The heart drug digitalis is extracted from __________.

foxgloves

Aspirin originates from a compound found in __________ bark.

willow

Penicillin was discovered by __________ from a type of mould.

Alexander Fleming

A good medicine must be effective, safe, stable, and able to be __________ easily.

removed

When developing new drugs, three main factors tested are toxicity, efficacy, and __________.

dose

Preclinical testing is carried out in a __________ using cells, tissues, and live animals.

laboratory

Clinical testing uses healthy __________ and patients.

volunteers

In a double-blind trial, neither the patient nor the __________ knows if they are receiving the drug or placebo.

doctor

A peer review is where drug trial results are checked by __________ knowledgeable in this field.

scientists

The __________ system has mucus that traps pathogens.

respiratory

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by __________ sex.

unprotected

Symptoms of salmonella food poisoning include fever, abdominal cramping, vomiting, and __________.

diarrhoea

The rose black spot fungus causes yellowing and premature __________ of leaves.

dropping

Malaria is caused by __________ pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes.

protist

Insects may act as __________ that transfer pathogens between plants.

vectors

To limit the spread of __________________, keep raw and cooked meat separate.

salmonella

Vaccination helps the body produce __________ against pathogens.

antibodies

Using insecticides helps prevent the spread of __________.

malaria

The __________ of the respiratory system traps and expels pathogens.

ciliated cells

Hygiene practices such as handwashing can help reduce the spread of __________.

pathogens

Measles can be transmitted through air by inhaling droplets from __________.

coughs

Direct contact can facilitate the spread of __________ diseases.

plant

Antimicrobial secretions from the skin can help kill __________.

pathogens

The presence of healthy skin flora competes with __________ to prevent infection.

pathogens

Antibody production allows for rapid response during a __________ infection.

second

It is critical to keep food such as raw meat well __________ to prevent salmonella.

cooked

The common cold is primarily spread by __________ infection.

droplet

Symptoms of __________ include fever and shaking, and can be serious.

malaria

Measles causes a red skin rash and is highly __________.

contagious

To prevent spread of HIV, screening of blood for __________ is essential.

transfusions

HIV-positive mothers can reduce transmission by __________-feeding infants.

bottle

Fungal diseases like rose black spot can be treated using __________.

fungicides

Helminths can form inactive cysts in the __________ but can also cause severe infections.

host organism

Painkillers are not a cure for __________ diseases, they only relieve symptoms.

infectious

The method used to cultivate antibiotics involves fermentation, often using the __________.

mould

The __________ of antibiotic resistance could lead to untreatable infections in the future.

increase