Teague, 9th edition, (McGraw-Hill), Your Health Today Chapters 1-5

health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

wellness

active process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction.

multiple dimensions of wellness:

physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, interpersonal or social, environmental, occupational

Socioecological Model of Health and Wellness

highlights the fact that the conditions in which you live, work, and pursue your life goals influence the options you have available and the choices you make

social determinants of health

Societal conditions that affect health and can potentially be altered by social and health policies and programs.

population health

The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of those outcomes within the group.

health disparities

Differences in health outcomes between populations.

ethnicity

The sense of identity an individual draws from national, religious, tribal, language, and cultural origins.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

entire set of genetic instructions stored in the form of tightly coiled, threadlike molecules in the nucleus

genome

complete set of DNA

DNA is divided into 23 pairs of

chromosomes

female chromosomes

two X chromosomes

male chromosomes

1 X and 1 Y chromosome

differentiation

genes turn on or off to regulate taking on characteristic shapes or functions, such as skin, bone, nerve, or muscle.

stem cells

unspecialized cells, present in an embryo and are retained within tissues

mutation

changes that occur in DNA sequence of a gene.

multifactorial disorders

A disorder caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and schizophrenia

family health tree

diagram illustrating the patterns of health and illness within a family; also called a genogram or genetic pedigree

health belief model

framework for understanding why people make the health choices they do

influenced by:

-perceived susceptibility

-perceived seriousness of consequences

-perceived benefits of specific action

-perceived barriers to taking action

stages of change model

framework for understand individual health behavior change; also called Transtheoretical Model

self-efficacy

internal state in which you feel competent to perform a specific task

change model stages:

pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

relapse

backslide into a former health state

misinformation

Information that is contrary to the consensus of the scientific community.

disinformation

A subset of misinformation that is intentionally promoted through the internet in a coordinated and deliberate effort to circulate false information for financial, power, or reputational gain.

health literacy

the ability to read, understand, and act of health information

basic medical research

This type of research typically involves work on a cellular level or in animals. It contributes to a baseline of scientific knowledge, which then can be applied to humans in clinical or epidemiological research.

clinical studies

In this type of research, scientists study people who have received a particular treatment, screening, diagnostic test, or other intervention. The purpose is to identify whether a drug, a product, a behavior, or some other kind of intervention produces a particular effect.

epidemiological studies

in this type of research, scientists use interviews, surveys, and measurements to study large groups of people (cohorts), to identify and explore relationships between potential risk factors and disease overtime

health risk

probability of an exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences

3 types of studies

basic medical research, clinical studies, epidemiological studies

public health

the study and practice of health promotion and disease prevention at the population level

health promotion

public-health-related actions designed to maintain a current healthy state or advance to a more desirable state

disease prevention

public-health-related actions designed to ward off or protect against specific disease

community health

issues, events and activities related to the health of a whole community, as well as activities directed toward bettering the health of the public and/or activities employing resources available in common to members of the community

demographics

statistical characteristics of a population in terms of such categories as age, gender, ethnicity and race, income, disability, geographical location, migration patterns, and many others.

ethnicity

the sense of identity an individual draws from a common ancestry and/or common national, religious, tribal, language, or cultural origin

race

term used in the social sciences to describe ethnic groups based on physical characteristics, such as skin color or facial features; race does not exist as a biological reality

positive psychology

area of interest within the field of psychology that focuses on positive emotions, character strengths, and conditions that create happiness

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

Hierarchy of needs (Maslow)

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, self esteem needs, self actualization (bottom to top)

self-esteem

sense of positive regard and valuation for oneself

Maslow's hierarchy of needs: (steps from bottom to top)

physiological needs

safety and security

love and belongingness

self-esteem

self-actualization

resilience

ability to recover from adversity

emotional intelligence

the kind of intelligence that includes an understanding of emotional experience, self-awareness, and sensitivity to others (Goleman)

Stages of bereavement

1. numbness and shock

2. separation

3. disorganization

4. reorganization

Norepinephrine

stress response, imbalances can lead to chronic stress disorders

dopamine

normal feelings of pleasure, imbalances can lead to erratic behavior, increased sexual desire, aggressiveness and risk taking

serotonin

normal regulates mood, imbalances can lead to depression or serotonin syndrome

GABA

normally promotes relaxation and regulates anxiety, imbalances can lead to restlessness and short temper

neurotransmitters

brain chemicals that are responsible for the transmission of signals from one brain cell to the next

frontal cortex

the part of the brain where the executive functions of planning, organizing, and rational thinking are controlled

mental disorder

pattern of behavior in an individual that is associated with distress (pain) or disability (impairment in an important are of functioning, such as school or work)

depression

mental state characterized by a depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and several other related symptoms

bipolar disorder

experiences one or more manic episodes

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder characterized by one or more episodes of depression lasting at least two weeks.

manic episodes

period during which the person has an abnormally elevated mood

panic attack

a clear physiological and psychological experience of apprehension or intense fear in the absence of a real danger

panic disorder

characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks along with concern about having another attack

specific phobia

intense fear of an activity, situation, or object, exposure to which evokes immediate anxiety

social phobia

An intense fear of particular social or performance situations.

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive and uncontrollable worrying, usually far out of proportion to the likelihood of the feared event

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause intense anxiety or distress

addiction

dependance on a substance or a behavior

physiological dependence

A consequence of chronic substance use characterized by tolerance and withdrawal.

psychotic disorders

Mental disorders characterized by signs that the individual has lost touch with reality.

addictions:

alcohol, drugs, tobacco, caffeine, food, gambling, shopping, sex, internet

schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder in which a person has disorganized and disordered thinking and perceptions, bizarre ideas, hallucinations (often voices) and impaired functioning

psychotherapy

treatment for psychological problems usually based on the development of a positive interpersonal relationship between a client and a therapist

self-injury

any intentional injury to ones own body

stressors

events or agents in the environment that cause stress

stress

the general state of the body, mind, and emotions when an environmental stressor has triggered the stress response

eustress

good stress or a positive form of stress

stress response (fight or flight or freeze response)

series of physiological changes that activate body systems, providing a burst of energy to deal with a perceived threat or danger

autonomic nervous system 2 branches:

sympathetic branch- responsible for initiating the stress response

parasympathetic branch- responsible for turning off the stress response and returning the body to normal

homeostasis

state of stability and balance in which body functions are maintained within a normal range

relaxation response

series of physiological changes that calm body systems and return them to normal functioning

acute stress

short term stress, produced by the stress response

chronic stress

long-term, low-level stress in which the stress response continues without resolution

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

description and explanation of physiological changes that he observed and that he believed to be predictable responses to stressors by all organisms

PTSD

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

adjustment disorder

a stressor continues for longer than expected or anticipated

3 stages of GAS

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

type A behavior

hard driving, competitive, achievement oriented, and quick to anger, further research has identified hostility as the key risk factor in the pattern

hardiness

effective style of coping with stress, characterized by a tendency to view life events as challenges rather than threats

hostility

ongoing accumulation of irritation and anger

burnout

adverse work-related stress reaction with physical, psychological, and behavioral components

affirmations

positive thoughts that you can write down or say to yourself to balance the negative thoughts

intimacy

emotional component of love, including feelings of closeness, warmth, openness, and affection

passion

sexual component of love, including attraction, romance, excitement, and physical intensity

commitment

the decision aspect of a relationship the pledge to stay with a partner through good times and bad

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

A theory that sees love as having three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment

Romantic love

intimacy and passion

fatuous love

passion and commitment

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

nonverbal communication

communication that takes place without words, mainly through body language

metamessage

the unspoken message in a communication; the meaning behind the message, conveyed by nonverbal behavior and by situational factors such as how, when, and where the message is deleted

assertiveness

the ability to stand up for oneself without violating other people's rights

sex

a person's biological status as a male or a female, usually established at birth by the appearance of external genitals

intersex

a general term used for a variety of condition when a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male