NEUR 355 - Final Exam Preparation
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How did Dr. Wilder Penfield map the different areas of the brain?
He used sensitive electrical probes on patients who were awake during surgery and asked patients what they were experiencing as he moved the probe to different brain areas
Which fissure separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
The longitudinal fissure
Which fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
The lateral fissure
Which part of the nervous system contains the nerves that enter and exit from the spinal cord?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What is the difference between an afferent and efferent signal?
An afferent signal arrives from the skin and goes towards the spinal cord (it is a sensory signal), whereas an efferent signal arrives from the spinal cord and goes towards a particular muscle (a motor signal).
Another simpler explanation is that an afferent signal is information arriving to the CNS, whereas an efferent signal is leaving the CNS.
Anatomically, structures towards the back part of the brain are _____, whereas parts of the brain that are more forward are _____.
caudal, rostral
Anatomically, brain structures closer to the top of the head are considered _____, and those below are _____.
dorsal, ventral
The somatic nervous system belongs to _____.
the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The autonomic nervous system belongs to _____.
the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The _____ is composed of the sensory and motor neurons that allow you to consciously move and receive sensory information from the outside world.
somatic nervous system
The _____ is responsible for keeping you alive without conscious thought — for instance, it regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion.
autonomic nervous system
Which lobe of the cortex processes skin senses?
Parietal
Grey matter mainly consists of…
neuronal cell bodies
Which lobe of the cortex processes vision?
occipital
The chambers that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called…
ventricles
Controlled motor movements are carried out by which nervous system?
somatic nervous system
The lower part of the hindbrain important for breathing and heart rate is called the…
medulla
The folds of the cerebral cortex are called…
convolutions
Where is the medulla located?
In the hindbrain
The “central relay station of the brain” that transmits much sensory information is called the…
thalamus
The subcortical structure that controls emotional regulation and motivated behaviours via hormone regulation is/are called the…
hypothalamus
Which lobe of the cortex processes sound information and interprets language?
Temporal lobe
The brain structure that translates into “Little Brain” is called the
cerebellum
Which lobe of the cortex processes planning and decision-making?
Frontal lobe
Controlled motor movement are carried out by which nervous system?
Somatic nervous system
A good indicator of intelligence is the number of _____ in the cerebral cortex.
convolutions
When referring to the position of structures in the spinal cord, those that are more positioned toward the stomach are considered more…
ventral
The autonomic nervous system is part of which nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
Which nervous system controls your blood pressure?
Autonomic nervous system
If you image a brain starting at the ears and moving toward the middle, the direction is called…
medial
The white matter area of the brain that is a major connection between the two cortical lobes is called the…
corpus callosum
The doctor who was able to map various areas of the brain using a stimulating electrode is…
Penfield
The twelve cranial nerves are part of the…
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Within the fold of the cerebral cortex, a valley in a fold is called a…
sulcus
The term used to mean more toward the beak of mouth is…
rostral
The spinal cord is part of the…
CNS
“Split Brain” patients have had which area of the brain severed?
Corpus Callosum
The subcortical structure that contains both the substantia nigra and the inferior colliculis is called the…
midbrain
A ridge in the folds of the cerebral cortex is called a…
gyrus
The subcortical structure that may leave a person seeming intoxicated when walking if damaged is called the…
cerebellum
If you image a brain starting at the middle and moving toward the ears, the direction is called…
lateral
When referring to the position of the spinal cord, those that are more positioned toward the back are considered more…
dorsal
The term used to mean more toward the tail or end of spinal cord is…
caudal
White matter is mostly comprised of…
tracts of axons (myelin)
The lower part of the hindbrain important for breathing and heart rate is called the…
medulla
Which fissure divided the two cerebral hemisperes?
Longitudinal fissure
The area of the hindbrain that is important for sleep and arousal is called the…
pons
Which lobe of the cortex processes sound information and interprets language?
Temporal lobe
What are the main functions of the temporal lobe?
To process sound information and interpret language
What are the main function of the parietal lobe?
Processing sensory information
What are the main functions of the frontal lobe?
Planning and decision-making
What is the main function of the occipital lobe?
Processing vision
Which kind of compounds can pass through the cell membrane of a neuron?
Lipophilic compounds
Which kind of compounds cannot pass through the cell membrane of a neuron?
Hydrophilic compounds
What is the difference between a lipophilic and hydrophilic compound?
Lipophilic compounds are fat soluble, and can cross the cell membrane of a neuron. Hydrophilic compounds are water soluble, and cannot cross the cell membrane of a neuron.
What kind of neuron is the dorsal root ganglion?
Sensory
The average neuron receives information from how many other neurons?
Ten thousand
The softer layer of the meninges that is closest to the brain is called…
the pia mater
The configuration of our blood vessels mean that only certain compounds can get across protective membranes to our brain. It is called…
the blood-brain barrier
The primary area of cells which contain DNA is called the…
nucleus
The endings of a neuron that contain the neurotransmitters are called…
terminal boutons
The specific type of neuron that carries sensory information from the toe to the brain is called the…
dorsal root ganglion
The extension(s) from the neuron that branch(es) out to receive information from other neurons is/are called…
the dendrites
When a person experiences a stroke, they may experience a numbness on the other side of the body. This symptom may be indicative of damage to which cortex?
Parietal lobe
The glial cells important for providing myelin to neurons in the central nervous system are called…
oligodendrocytes
By age 3, a baby will have about how many neuronal connections?
100 trillion
The brain has about how many neurons?
100 billion
A compound that can dissolve in fat and cross through a phospholipid membrane is called…
lipophilic
The glial cells that are responsible for providing immune-like support in the central nervous system are known as…
microglia
When someone experiences a stroke, they may experience difficulties with language and memory. These issues may indicate damage to which cortex?
Temporal lobe
When there is just a single short stalk extending out of a soma that divides into two branches, what type of neuron is it?
Unipolar
Structures within the cell body that can convert nutrients or construct proteins are called…
organelles
The subcortical structure that controls emotional regulation and motivated behaviour via hormonal regulation is called the…
hypothalamus
The glial cells important for supporting the blood-brain barrier are called…
astrocytes
A compound that cannot dissolve in fat and cannot cross a phospholipid membrane is known as…
hydrophilic
Many blood clots gets stuck in which part of the brain during a stroke?
The middle cerebral artery
It means to provides an area of the brain or body with blood.
Vascularize
Nerve cells only make up half of our nervous system. The other half consists of…
glial cells
When a neuron’s axon and dendrites extend out in many directions from the soma, the neuron is referred to as…
multipolar
The glial cells important for providing myelin to the neurons of the peripheral nervous system are called…
Schwann cells
When newly-born cells travel from the ventricular zone outward, towards their final destination, it is called…
migration
The glial cells that wrap their end feet around synapses are called…
astrocytes
The hard, touch layer of the meninges that is closest to the skull is called the…
dura mater
The main source of blood to the brain is…
the internal carotid artery
Cells in the brain that seem to be important for inflammation and immune responses are called
microglia
Nerves cells that send information from the brain to our muscles are called…
motor neurons
When a person experiences a stroke, they may experience difficulties planning and making decisions. These symptoms may indicate damage to which part of the cortex?
Frontal lobe
The phase of neural development where cells begin to rapidly divide and multiply is called…
cell proliferation
The idea that a synapse has contribution from the presynaptic terminal; the post-synaptic neuron; and the astrocyte is called…
the tripartite synapse
Nerve cells that bring in information in the body and from the world around us are called…
sensory neurons
Another word for the cell body of a neuron.
Soma
When the heart receives freshly-oxygented blood from the lungs, it sends it directly to the brain via…
aorta
In a normal blood vessel, there are large openings that allow large molecules to enter or escape. They are called…
fenestra
The upper end of the neural tube will eventually develop into…
the forebrain
The lower end of the neural tube will eventually develop into…
spinal cord
The part of a neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the dendrite is called the…
axon
The spider-web like layer of the meninges is called…
the arachnoid mater
What percentage of body energy does our brain use?
20%
The salty liquid inside a cell is called the…
cytoplasm
In the blood-brain barrier, the blood vessels only have this instead of fenestra.
Tight junctions.