Chp 2 Interpersonal and Group Communication

Steps in Perceptual Process

Sensing → Organizing → Interpreting

Stereotyping

standardized mental pic that is held by members of a group and that presents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgement

projected cognitive similarity

tendency to assume that others have the same norms and values as your own culture

outgroup homogeneity effect

tendency to think that members of other groups are all the same

attribution

the assignment of meaning to other peoples behavior

impression formation

process of integrating a variety of observations about a person into a coherent impression of that person

self concept

how we think about ourselves and describe ourselves to others

self fulfilling prophecy

idea that we see ourselves in ways that are consistent with how others see us

self awareness

an understanding of the self uncluding ones attitudes, values, beliefs, strengths and weaknesses

intrapersonal communication

ones perception, memories, experiences, feelings, interpretations, inferences, evaluations, attitudes, opinion, ideas, strategies, images and state of consciousness

intrapersonal intelligence

ones communication with oneself including memories, experiences, feelings, ideas and attitudes

reflexivity

the capacity for reflection

interpersonal intelligence

the ability to read, emphasize, and understand others

self esteem

how we like and value ourselves and how we feel about ourselves

metacommunication

a nonverbal message that although not expressed in words, accompanies a message that is expressed in words

visual kinesic communication

gestures, winks, smiles, frowns, sighs, attire, grooming, and all kinds of body movements

vocal kinesic communication

intonation, projection, and resonance of the voice

proxemics

the branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others

territoriality

term associated with nonverbal communivation that refers to how people use space to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions

personal space

the physical space immediately surrounding someone into which any encroachment eels threatening to or uncomfortable for them

polychronic time (p-time)

a time orientation associated with polychronic cultures, which tend to value interpersonal relationships

monochronic time (m-time)

a time orientation associated with monochronic cultures, which value schedules

haptics

the use of the sense of touch

casual listening

listening for pleasure, amusement, recreation, and relaxation

Ways effective listening pays off

1) liked by others because they satisfy the humand need to be heard

2) able to separate fact from fiction, cope effectively, avoid being used

3)leads to sensitivey and tolerances to key individuals

4)engaged and constanly learning and growing

5)increase in job satisfaction from good communication

Nonverbal messge charcteristics

nonverbal messages…

-cannot be avoided

-can have different meanings for different people

-vary between and within cultures

-be intentional or unintentional

-contradict verbal message and affect clarity of message

-can receive more attention that the verbal message

-provide clues about the senders background

-influenced by circumstances surrounding the communication

-can be benefitial or harmful

listening for information

listening that involves the search for data or material

intensive listening

listening to obtain information, solve problems, or persuade or dissuade

active listening

requires that the listener fully concentrates, understands, responds, and then remembers what is being said

empathetic listening

listening to others in an attempt to share their feelings or emotions

role

tasks employees assume that can involve power and authority that surpass their formal position in the organizational chart

status

ones formal position in the chart

bad listening habits

-faking attention

-allowing disruptions

-over listening

-stereotyping

-dismissing subjects and uninteresting

-failing to observe nonverbal aids

How to enhance face to face listening

-minimize distractions be in a quiet area

-get in touch with the speaker, body language

-use knowledge of speakers details vs point

-let them know you are actively involved

-do not interrupt the speaker

-ask reflective questions

-use probing prompts and statements

-use lag time and take notes if possible

Interpersonal Communication styles

aggresive- verbally attacking

passive aggressive- retaliating in an indirect manner rather than expressing anger

passive- withdrawing in attempt to avoid confrontation

assertive- knowing what you feel and want

characteristics of effective groups

common goals, role perception, longevity, size, status, groups norms, leadership

Norm

a standard or average behavior

task force

a team of workers that is generally given a single goal and a limited time to do it

quality assurance team

a team that focuses on product or service quality projects can be either short or long term

Negative vs Positive group roles

negative

-isolator, dominator, free rider, detractor, digressor, airhead, socializer

positive

-facilitator, harmonizer, record keeper, reporter, leader

10 benefits of teamwork

great ideas dont come from lone geniuses, diverse perspective help come up with winning innovations, teamwork makes you happier, you grow as an individual, sharing work eases burnout, dividing workd lets you grow skills, recognition from team increases productivity, helps take worthwhile risks, you feel less stressed, good communication boosts creativity

cross functional team

a team that brings together employees from various departments to solve a variety of problems

product development team

usually cross functional in nature a group of employees who concentrate on innovation and the development cycle of new products

forming

stage one of team development in which team members become aquainted with each other and the assigned task

Stages of virtual team formation

Forming, Storming, Norming, Preforming, adjourning

Storming

stage two where team members deal with conflicting personalities, goals and ideas

norming

stage three where team members make strategies and activities that promote goal achievement

preforming

stage four where team members reach the optimal performance level

adjourning

stage five where team comes to a conclusion while separating

Preforming stage C’s

commitment, cooperation, communication, contribution

Decision making steps

analyze the decision that needs to be made

seek input from each member

identify and clarify the goals of the decision

identify multiple options

pros and cons of options

select the best alternative

Decision making methods

by expert- quick but the expert could be wrong

average individual rankings- democratic process but it may be an average solution that no one supports

majority rule- often fair and efficient but those outside of majority may feel left out

by consensus- group likely to be satisfied but takes time and skill

Appropriate times for face to face meetings

when you need rich nonverbal cues, issues are sensitive, participants dont know each other, establishing group rapport and relationships is important, when participants can be in the same place at the same time

Guidelines for an effective meeting

identify purpose of meeting, limit meeting length and frequency, make satisfactory arrangements, give the agenda well in advance, encourage participation, maintain order, manage conflict, seek consensus, prepare thorough minutes

Guidelines for electronic meetings

mute mic, control background noise, position the camera well, be an active listener, avoid distraction, avoid multitasking, prepare materials in advance, dress the part, do not eat or drink