bio 111 quiz 3- cellular respiration and photosynthesis

what organisms use photosynthesis to obtain energy?

autotrophs

what organisms use organic molecules for energy to build new organic molecules?

heterotrophs

ALL organisms use cellular respiration

true

NAD+ can be considered an...

electron carrier

NAD+ accepts ______ ________________ and _____ _________________ to become NADH through reduction.

2 electrons; 1 proton

1 NADH =

3 ATP

what is the energy currency of the cell?

ATP

what are the 3 types of respiration?

1. aerobic

2. anaerobic

3. fermentation

its final acceptor is oxygen...

aerobic respiration

its final acceptor is an inorganic molecule...

anaerobic respiration

its final acceptor is an organic molecule (lactate or ethanol)...

fermentation

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------- 6CO2 + 6H2O

electrons are shuttled by _________________ _____________ within the __________.

electron carriers; ETC

what is an example of an electron carrier?

NAD+

electron energy is used to drive _________________ across a membrane.

protons

what is known to "sponge up" protons?

oxygen

what are the 2 ways cells make ATP from ADP and a phosphate group?

1. substrate-level phosphorylation

2. oxidative phosphorylation

transferring a phosphate directly from another molecule to ADP...

substrate-level phosphorylation

use of a membrane-bound ATP synthase enzyme and a proton gradient (also known as chemiosmosis)...

oxidative phosphorylation

what are the 5 steps of the complete oxidation of glucose in order?

1. glycolysis

2. pyruvate oxidation

3. kreb's cycle

4. ETC

5. chemiosmosis

what goes into glycolysis?

glucose

what comes out of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

where does glycolysis happen?

cytoplasm of the cell

what adds the phosphate to the 6-carbon glucose in glycolysis?

kinase

what form of ATP alerts the cell that we need to produce more?

AMP

for glycolysis to continue, NADH must be regenerated by ______________ ________________ OR __________________________.

aerobic respiration; fermentation

what goes into pyruvate oxidation?

2 pyruvate

what comes out of pyruvate oxidation?

1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

matrix of mitochondria

the fate of pyruvate oxidation depends on ________ availability!

oxygen (O2)

during pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is ____________ to ________________.

oxidized; acetyl-CoA

what drives respiration?

CO2

what catalyzes pyruvate oxidation?

pyruvate dehydrogenase

what goes into the kreb's cycle?

acetyl-CoA

what comes out of the kreb's cycle?

3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

where does the kreb's cycle occur?

matrix of mitochondria

1 FADH2 =

2 ATP

a series of electron carriers embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane is known as the...

ETC

what goes into the ETC?

10 NADH, 2 FADH2

as electrons are transferred through the ETC, some electron energy is _______________.

lost

the "lost" energy is used to...

pump protons from the matrix to the inner membrane space

every proton =

1 ATP

where is the ETC?

cristae membrane of mitochondria

what are the 2 factors that send protons through the membrane?

1. wanting to move toward the high negative charge in the matrix

2. high concentration to low concentration

the accumulation of protons and their diffusion through ATP synthase in the intermembrane is known as...

chemiosmosis

what is the main purpose of ATP synthase?

to produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

what absorbs the H+ as they enter the matrix to keep the gradient steep?

oxygen

what genes are required for the kreb's cycle and ETC?

mitochondrial genome

what is the eukaryotic average of ATP yield?

36 ATP

of the 3 types of respiration, what 2 types can occur without oxygen?

1. anaerobic

2. fermentation

what reduces organic molecules to regenerate NAD+?

fermentation

ethanol fermentation is ____________ and occurs in _____________.

TOXIC; yeast

lactic acid fermentation occurs in _______________.

animals

what do lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation have in common?

they're trying to use up NADH

what makes ethanol fermentation different from lactic acid fermentation?

ethanol releases CO2, lactate doesn't

ATP and citrate allosterically inhibit...

phosphofructokinase

NADH inhibits...

pyruvate dehydrogenase

ATP also inhibits...

citrate synthetase

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 12H2O -------- C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

this captures light energy to make ATP and NADPH

light-dependent reactions

this uses energy from ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from CO2

light-independent reactions

what is another name for light-independent reactions?

clavin cycle

where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

thylakoid membrane

where do the light-independent reactions take place?

stroma of chloroplast

a discrete packet of light energy...

photon

is energy is inversely related to wavelength?

yes!

removal of an electron from a molecule by light energy...

photoelectric effect

molecules that absorb light are known as...

pigments

primary photosynthetic pigment in plants?

chlorophyll a

secondary pigment?

chlorophyll b

ALL chlorophyll pigments contain a _______________ _____________.

porphyrin ring

what can be found at the center of a porphyrin ring?

Mg

within a photosystem, energy from light is transferred through ___________________ of the __________________ _____________________ to the __________________________ ____________________.

electrons; antenna complex; reaction center

photosystem II =

P680

photosystem I =

P700

what goes into light-dependent reactions?

sunlight, H2O

what comes out of light-dependent reactions?

O2, ATP, NADPH

cyclic photophosphorylation is considered very....

primative

cyclic photophosphorylation:

- only produces ______

- uses ______ instead of H2O

ATP, H2S

what goes into the calvin cycle?

18 ATP, 12 NADPH, 6CO2

what comes out of the calvin cycle?

2 G3P

how many turns of the calvin cycle is needed to make 1 glucose?

6

the addition of CO2 to RuBP

carboxylation

the oxidation of RuBP by O2

photorespiration

What competes for the active site on rubisco?

CO2 and O2

what plants store CO2?

C4 plants

the pores in plant cells are called...

stomata

in what plants are the stomatas only open at night?

CAM plants

what is an example of a CAM plant?

pineapple

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