Lab Exam 2 Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering Labs 7 through 12, focusing on cell biology, enzymes, genetics, and natural selection concepts.

Define aquaporins.

Specialized proteins in the cell membrane that facilitate the transport of water into and out of the cell.

How is a solution classified if it has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell?

Hypotonic

In which direction will water move if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

Water will leave the cell.

What happens to the location of chloroplasts in a plant cell when it is submerged in a hypertonic solution?

The chloroplasts cluster in the center of the cell as the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall due to water loss.

Why are enzymes classified as catalysts?

Because they speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Which biochemical group do enzymes belong to?

Proteins

In the enzyme activity experiments, how was the rate of activity measured?

By measuring bubble length, which corresponds to the amount of oxygen gas produced by the enzyme catalase.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Energy}$$

Which types of organisms perform cellular respiration?

Both autotrophs and heterotrophs.

What substance is produced when carbon dioxide reacts chemically with water?

Carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$)

What pH range indicates an acidic substance?

Values below $7$.

What are the color indicators for bromothymol blue (BTB) in acidic and basic solutions?

BTB turns yellow in acidic solutions and remains blue in basic or neutral solutions.

How does photosynthesis impact the pH of a solution?

It increases the pH (making it more basic) by removing $CO_2$ from the solution.

How does respiration impact the pH of a solution?

It decreases the pH (making it more acidic) by adding $CO_2$, which forms carbonic acid.

In the yeast respiration experiment, which substrate generally results in the highest rate of respiration?

Glucose (the best substrate), measured by the longest bubble length.

Which temperature among $0^\circ$, $37^\circ$, and $100^\circ$ is most favorable for yeast respiration?

$$37^\circ$$

Which organisms among cyanobacteria, fungi, and plants perform photosynthesis?

Cyanobacteria and plants.

Does asexual reproduction rely on mitosis or meiosis?

Mitosis

Which type of cell division produces genetically-distinct cells?

Meiosis

What is the difference between chromatin and chromatids?

Chromatin is the unwound, functional form of DNA during interphase, while chromatids are the condensed, identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.

At which phase of mitosis are chromosomes collected for a karyotype and why?

Metaphase, because the chromosomes are at their most condensed and clearly visible state.

What is the ploidy of a human gamete (sperm or egg)?

Haploid ($n$)

In Mendelian genetics, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?

$3:1$ (Dominant to Recessive)

Define the term 'heterozygous'.

Having two different alleles for a particular gene (e.g., $Aa$).

What does a pedigree represent in genetics?

A diagram used to trace the inheritance of a particular trait through multiple generations of a family.

What are the three requirements for natural selection to occur?

1. Variation in traits 2. Heritability of traits 3. Differential reproductive success.

In a graph showing moth form by year, which variable is the independent variable?

Year