Topic 1f & 1g Ionic and Covalent Bonding
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56 Terms
Ion
A charged atom or molecule that has lost or gained electrons
Ionic bond
A bond tat involved the transfer of electrons to produce electrically charged ions
Cation
A positive ion formed by the loss of electrons
Anion
A negative ion formed by the gain of electrons
Electrostatic attraction
The attraction between positively charged and negatively charged compounds
Lattice
A pattern formed by repeating positive and negative ions in an ionic compound
Covalent bond
The electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei and the shared electrons between two nuclei
Simple molecular structure
A covalently bonded structure of a simple molecule
Allotropes
The different physical forms a pure element can take
Fullerenes
A form of carbon, the most common being the Buckminster Fullerene
Why are ions formed
Atoms are more stable when they have a full outer shell of electrons
How do metals form ions
Losing electrons
How do non metals form ions
Gaining electrons
What is the charge of metal ions
Positive charge
What is the charge of non metal ions
Negative charge
What ion does silver make
Ag+
What ion does copper(II) make
Cu2+
What ion does Iron(II) make
Fe2+
What ion does Iron(III) make)
Fe3+
What ion does lead make?
Pb(2+)
What ion does zinc make
Zn2+
What is the electron configuration of Helium?
2
What is the electron configuration of Neon?
2,8
What is the electron configuration of Argon?
2,8,8
What ion will group 4 make
group 4 rarely forms ions
How can we identify an ion
Does not have a neutral charge
How do we know if an atom does not have a neutral charge?
Has a different number of protons and electrons
Diagrams to show electron configuration
Dot and cross diagrams
Elements in group 1 of the periodic table
Alkali metals
Are all ionic substances lattices
No
What is the relationship between charge of ions and electrostatic attraction
The bigger the charge on the ions, the stronger the electrostatic attraction
What is the melting and boiling point of giant ionic substances
High melting and boiling point
When do giant ionic lattices not conduct electricity?
Does not conduct electricity when solid
When do giant ionic lattices conduct electricity?
Conducts electricity when molten or dissolved in water
Why can giant ionic substances conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water?
Ions are free to move and flow
What type of atoms bond to create a covalent bond?
Two nonmetals
What happens to the electrons in a covalent bond?
Electrons are shared
What is the melting and boiling point of simple covalent compounds
Low melting and boiling point
Do covalent compounds conduct electricity?
Do not conduct electricity
What state are most covalent compounds in at room temperature
Mostly gases at room temperature
What does not need to break for simple covalent compounds to melt and boil?
Covalent bonds within the molecule are not broken
What must be broken to melt and boil simple covalent compounds?
Weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules
What about the heat energy needed to break simple covalent molecules means it has low melting and boiling points?
They do not take muc heat energy to overcome
Giant covalent structures
Covalent structures that form structures with covalent bonds between many atoms
Diamond
Each carbon atom forms covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms
What gives diamond such a high melting and boiling point?
Strong covalent bonds between all of the atoms require lots of heat energy to overcome
Does diamond conduct electricity? WHy?
All of the electrons are involved in bonding, so diamond does not conduct electricity
Graphite
Each carbon atom is joined with 3 other carbon atoms with single covalent bonds
What shape arrangement is formed by graphite?
Hexagonal arrangement
What is special about layers of graphite
Held together by weak intermolecular forces, so they can slide over each other
Why can graphite conduct electricity
One electron is not used in bonding. This is delocalised.
What does graphites layers make it good for?
Lubricant and pencil lead
How many carbon atoms form a Buckminster fullerene?
60 carbon atoms
What is the electron bonding of a Buckminster fullerene?
Each carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms by single covalent bonds
Buckminster... fullerenes conduct electricity(T/F)
True
What aspect of a Buckminster fullerene allows it to have a very high melting point
Very strong and hard