BIO213 Lab Practical Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering Lab Practical 1 topics: Anatomical terms, microscopy, membrane transport, cell structure, mitosis, and skin/tissue types.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.

Histology

The scientific study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

Anatomical position

A standard body position where the individual stands upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward (anterior), head level, and eyes forward.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Superior

Closer to the head or above.

Inferior

Closer to the feet or below.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Parietal serous membrane

The layer of the serous membrane that attaches to the body cavity wall.

Visceral serous membrane

The layer of the serous membrane found directly surrounding and covering the organ.

Pleura

The serous membrane associated with the lungs.

Pericardium

The serous membrane associated with the heart.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity.

Serous fluid

A lubricating liquid found within the serous cavity between the parietal and visceral layers that reduces friction.

Field of view

The circular area seen when looking through the eyepieces of a microscope.

Resolution

The ability to distinguish two objects as being separate and distinct under a microscope.

Working distance

The distance between the specimen and the bottom of the objective lens.

Total magnification

The product of the magnification of the ocular lens and the objective lens.

Selective permeability

A property of the plasma membrane that allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out, essential for cell transport.

Passive transport

The movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy, moving down a concentration gradient.

Active transport

The movement of substances across the membrane requiring energy (ATP), often moving against a concentration gradient.

Diffusion

The net movement of a substance from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.

Osmosis

The passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient.

Osmolarity

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter.

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of the cell by osmosis.

Hydrostatic pressure

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity.

Isotonic solution

A solution that has the same relative concentration of solutes as the cytosol; example: $0.9\%$ saline (NaCl) for Red Blood Cells.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than the cytosol; example: DI $H_2O$ for Red Blood Cells.

Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than the cytosol; example: $1.5\%$ saline (NaCl) for Red Blood Cells.

Crenation

The shriveling of a cell due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.

Hemolysis

The rupturing of a red blood cell due to excessive water intake in a hypotonic solution.

Organelle

A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell containing genetic material (DNA).

Nucleolus

The dense region within the nucleus responsible for ribosome synthesis.

Rough ER

An endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Smooth ER

An endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

The organelle responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins.

Mitochondria

The double-membrane organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production through aerobic cellular respiration.

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down macromolecules and damaged organelles.

Peroxisomes

Vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidative reactions and breaking down fatty acids.

Ribosomes

Non-membrane-bound organelles composed of RNA and protein that serve as the site of protein synthesis.

Centrosome

The region near the nucleus that contains centrioles and organizes microtubules for cell division.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm that provides structural support and facilitates movement.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle (approx. $23$ hours) consisting of $G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$ phases where growth and DNA replication occur.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align along the equatorial plate of the cell.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles by spindle fibers.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, uncoil, and new nuclear envelopes form.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm and its components into two daughter cells, occurring during or after telophase and marked by a cleavage furrow.

Tissue

A group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that work together to perform a specific function.

Epithelium

A primary tissue type characterized by cellularity, polarity, attachment to a basement membrane, avascularity, and high regeneration capacity.

Epidermis

The superficial, thinner layer of the skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Dermis

The deeper layer of the skin composed of the papillary and reticular layers.

Papillary layer

The superficial layer of the dermis composed of areolar connective tissue.

Reticular layer

The deeper layer of the dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Hypodermis

The layer deep to the dermis (also called subcutaneous layer) composed mainly of adipose and areolar connective tissue.

Meissner’s corpuscles

Sensory receptors in the papillary layer of the dermis that detect light touch.

Lamellar corpuscle

Sensory receptors (also called Pacinian corpuscles) located deep in the dermis or hypodermis that detect deep pressure and vibration.

Arrector pili muscle

Smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes 'goosebumps' when it contracts.

Sebaceous oil gland

A gland that secretes an oily substance (sebum) into hair follicles to lubricate skin and hair.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, consisting of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitosis.

Stratum lucidum

A thin, translucent layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin like the palms and soles.

Stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis, consisting of many layers of dead, scaly, keratin-filled cells.