psych ao3

Rosenhan Study (1973)

Found all pseudo-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, however they displayed specific schizophrenic symptoms indicating criterion validity.

Andrews et al. (1999)

Assessed 1500 people with DSM-IV and ICD-10; found agreement in diagnosing depression, substance dependence, and anxiety.

Kim-Cohen et al. (2005)

Found DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder valid in representing children's experiences.

Cooper et al. (1972) Findings

Reported New York psychiatrists twice as likely as London psychiatrists to diagnose schizophrenia.

Lopez (1989)

Diagnosis can lead to misdiagnosis if cultural beliefs are mistaken for symptoms.

Cultural Perception of Hearing Voices

Plains Indians may consider hearing dead relatives normal, while in North America, it's a symptom of schizophrenia.

Malgady et al. (1987)

Linguistic and cultural differences affect symptom severity ratings by clinicians.

Eating Disorders Prevalence

Bulimia nervosa is more prevalent in Western cultures compared to non-Western cultures.

Lin and Cheung (1999)

Asians view the body and mind as unitary. Patients focus on physical discomforts due to traditional views, leading to somatic complaints.

Luhrmann et al. (2015)

Cultural context affects whether hearing voices is viewed positively or negatively in mental health.

Chadda (1995)

Patients with Dhat can meet criteria for unspecific emotional disorders, lacking specific criteria in DSM IIIR.

López and Núñez (1987)

Diagnostic criteria for disorders inadequately considered cultural factors.

Lee (2006)

Using the DSM in Korea is equally valid for diagnosing ADHD as in the USA.

Littlewood and Lipsedge (1997)

Black and Irish people in Britain are biasedly diagnosed with serious mental disorders.

Brown et al. (2001)

Using DSM-IV resulted in consistent anxiety and mood disorder diagnoses in 362 outpatients.

Goldstein (1988)

Found reliability between DSM III and DSM II in re-diagnosing patients.

Iverson (1979)

High dopamine levels found in post-mortems of schizophrenic patients.

Phenothiazine Drugs

Block dopamine receptors and show signs of symptom improvement in schizophrenia patients.

Dépatie and Lal (2001)

Apomorphine, stimulating dopamine receptors, did not cause schizophrenia symptoms.

Aarsland et al. (1999)

L-dopa treatments for Parkinson's can induce schizophrenia symptoms.

Krystal et al. (2005)

Increased dopamine concentration produces positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Glutamate NDMA Receptors

Ketamine can induce both positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms, suggesting neurotransmitters beyond dopamine.

Carlsson et al. (1999)

Glutamate hypothesis expands on dopamine hypothesis in understanding schizophrenia.

Carlsson et al. (2000)

Hyperdopaminergia and hypoglutamatergia may both contribute to schizophrenia.

Bird et al. (1979)

Post-mortems of schizophrenia patients reveal high dopamine levels.

Wong et al. (1986)

Increased density of dopamine receptors linked to schizophrenia.

Moskovitz et al. (1978)

Parkinson’s treatments increasing dopamine can evoke schizophrenia symptoms.

Gottesman (1991) Twin Study Findings

48% chance of schizophrenia if an MZ twin has the disorder.

Concordance Rates in Twins

Not 100%, suggesting environmental factors alongside genetics in schizophrenia.

Gottesman and Shields (1982)

58% concordance rate of schizophrenia in MZ twins raised apart.

Gottesman (1991) Findings on Parents

46% chance of developing schizophrenia if both parents have the disorder.

MRI Scans in Twins

Suggest schizophrenia is a brain disease rather than just genetic.

Walsh et al. (2008)

Rare CNV genetic mutations found in patients without family history of schizophrenia.

Drug Therapy Focus

Assumes dopamine is the cause, despite evidence of genetic roles in schizophrenia.

Anti-Psychotic Drugs Benefit

Allow patients to remain in society rather than become institutionalized.

Phenothiazine Drugs

Block dopamine receptors, resulting in reduced symptoms of schizophrenia.

Bustillo et al. (2001)

Assertive Community Treatment reduces psychotic relapse and rehospitalization.

Meltzer et al. (2004)

Haloperidol reduces schizophrenia symptoms and improves daily functioning.

Emsley (2008)

Risperidone injections reduce both positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms.

Adityanji and Kaizad (2005)

Antipsychotics can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome in 0.05% of patients.

Anti-Psychotic Side Effects

Decreased motivation may discourage schizophrenics from continuing medication.

Clozapine and Olanzapine Risks

Associated with significant weight gain affecting medication adherence.

Rosa et al. (2005)

50% of patients comply with taking their antipsychotics.

Pickar et al. (1992)

Clozapine was most effective compared to placebo in treating schizophrenia.

Hartling et al. (2012) Meta-Analysis

Difficulty in concluding antipsychotic effectiveness due to biases and trial limitations.

Eaton (1980)

Associated schizophrenia with city living rather than biological factors, suggesting social adversity plays a role.

Drug Therapy Limitations

Not effective in patients with chronic schizophrenia (over 10 years).

Family Therapy Purpose

Supports client but does not address underlying dopamine imbalance.

Family Engagement Importance

Must be positive for therapy to effectively support the client in coping.

Holistic Approach of Family Therapy

Addresses broader emotional and social issues impacting daily functioning.

Pitschel-Walz et al. (2001) Meta-Analysis

Showed a 20% average decrease in relapse rates with family interventions.

Pharoah et al. (2010)

Family therapy positively impacts recovery and reduces relapse.

Magliano et al. (2005)

Family therapy improves functioning of caregivers for individuals with schizophrenia.

Psychoeducation in Family Therapy

Increases family knowledge to support patients in their medication routines.

Vaughn and Leff (1976)

48% relapse rate in families with negative attitudes versus 6% in positive environments.

Effective Family Therapy

Usually implemented alongside drug-based therapy for best results.

CBT in Offender Rehabilitation

Effective for offenders wishing to change behaviors and reduce recidivism.

Lipsey (2009)

Found CBT more effective than other interventions in reducing criminal behavior.

Howells et al. (2005)

CBT did not significantly reduce aggression in violent offenders.

CBT and Re-offending

CBT may help offenders understand thoughts preceding criminal behaviors.

Armelius and Andreassen (2007)

CBT effective for the first year of release, with limited long-term effects.

Lipsey et al. (2007)

25% reduction in recidivism in the 12 months post-effective CBT.

CBT Commitment Issues

Lack of commitment can lead to attrition from CBT programs.

Wilson et al. (2005) Meta-Analysis

CBT reduced recidivism compared to non-treatment groups by up to 30%.

Levy et al. (2014)

Underlying issues such as joblessness need addressing alongside CBT.