________ also have granules in their cytoplasm, but the granules are not visible under the light microscope after staining.
2
New cards
Chemotaxis
________ is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.
3
New cards
Mucous membranes
________ also consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.
4
New cards
Cytokines
________: are proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.
5
New cards
Leukocyte increase
________ or decrease can be detected by a differential white blood cell count, which is a calculation of the percentage of each kind of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.
6
New cards
Vaginal secretions
________ play a role in antibacterial activity in two ways.
7
New cards
Kinins
________ are another group of substances that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
8
New cards
Gastric juice
________ is produced by the glands of the stomach.
9
New cards
Granulocytes
________ owe their name to the presence of large granules in their cytoplasm that can be seen with a light microscope after staining.
10
New cards
intact skin
The ________ is the human bodys largest organ in terms of surface area and tracts.
11
New cards
Eosinophils
________ stain red or orange with the acidic dye eosin.
12
New cards
Phagocytosis
________ (from Greek words meaning eat and cell) is the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell.
13
New cards
small lid of cartilage
Microorganisms are also prevented from entering the lower respiratory tract by a(n) ________ called the epiglottis, which covers the larynx (voicebox) during swallowing.
14
New cards
hematopoiesis
Formed elements are created in red bone marrow by stem cells in a process called ________.
15
New cards
C3a
________ participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.
16
New cards
Lacrimal apparatus
________: a group of structures that manufactures and drains tears.
17
New cards
Monocytes
________ are not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissues, and mature into macrophages.
18
New cards
Perspiration
________ also contains lysozyme, an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram- positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, gram- negative bacteria.
19
New cards
Sebaceous
________ (oil) glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum that prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle.
20
New cards
C2a
________ and C4b combine and together activate C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b fragments.
21
New cards
Saliva
________ contains not only the enzyme salivary amylase that digests starch, but also a number of substances that inhibit microbial growth.
22
New cards
Natural killer
________ (NK) cells are found in blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
23
New cards
Neutrophils
________ stain pale lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes.
24
New cards
Probiotics
________ are live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect.
25
New cards
Sebum
________ also forms a protective film over the surface of the skin.
26
New cards
complement
Once the ________ proteins combine and interact, C3 splits into fragments C3a and C3b.
27
New cards
MBL
As a result of binding, ________ functions as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis and activates C2 and C4.
28
New cards
phagosome
On contact, the ________ and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome.
29
New cards
indigestible material
After enzymes have digested the contents of the phagolysosome brought into the cell by ingestion, the phagolysosome contains ________ and is called a residual body.
30
New cards
Susceptibility
________: lack of immunity.
31
New cards
Dermis
________: the skins inner, thicker portion, is composed of connective tissue.
32
New cards
local defensive
Damage to the bodys tissues triggers a(n) ________ response called inflammation, another component of the second line of defense.
33
New cards
Basophils
________ stain blue- purple with the basic dye methylene blue.
34
New cards
Antibodies
________ attach to antigens (for example, proteins or large polysaccharides on the surface of a bacterium or other cell), forming antigen- antibody complexes.
35
New cards
classical pathway
As in the ________, C3a participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.
36
New cards
external ear canal
The ________ contains hairs and earwax (cerumen), which help prevent microbes, dust, insects, and water from entering the ear.
37
New cards
lymphoid tissue
The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing ________, and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes.
38
New cards
phagolysosome
The contents of the ________ brought in by ingestion are digested in the ________.
39
New cards
Mucus
________: a slightly viscous (thick) glycoprotein produced by goblet cells of a mucous membrane.
40
New cards
new cells
A tissue is repaired when its stroma or parenchyma produces ________.
41
New cards
Basophils release substances
________, such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses.
42
New cards
flow of urine
The cleansing of the urethra by the ________ is another physical factor that prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract.
43
New cards
phagocytic vesicle
Once the microorganism is surrounded, the pseudopods meet and fuse, surrounding the microorganism with a sac called a phagosome, or ________.
44
New cards
Adaptive immunity
________ is based on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses.
45
New cards
defensive substances
Increased permeability permits ________ normally retained in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area.
46
New cards
Epidermis
________: the outer, thinner portion, is in direct contact with the external environment.
47
New cards
complement system
The ________ consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in blood serum and within tissues throughout the body.
48
New cards
Vaginal secretions
________ likewise move microorganisms out of the female body.
49
New cards
MBL
________ binds to many pathogens because ________ molecules recognize a distinctive pattern of carbohydrates that includes mannose, which is found in bacterial cell walls and on some viruses.