Chapter 16: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Agranulocytes

Agranulocytes

________ also have granules in their cytoplasm, but the granules are not visible under the light microscope after staining.

Chemotaxis

________ is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.

Mucous membranes

________ also consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.

Cytokines

________: are proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.

Leukocyte increase

________ or decrease can be detected by a differential white blood cell count, which is a calculation of the percentage of each kind of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.

Vaginal secretions

________ play a role in antibacterial activity in two ways.

Kinins

________ are another group of substances that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

Gastric juice

________ is produced by the glands of the stomach.

Granulocytes

________ owe their name to the presence of large granules in their cytoplasm that can be seen with a light microscope after staining.

intact skin

The ________ is the human bodys largest organ in terms of surface area and tracts.

Eosinophils

________ stain red or orange with the acidic dye eosin.

Phagocytosis

________ (from Greek words meaning eat and cell) is the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell.

small lid of cartilage

Microorganisms are also prevented from entering the lower respiratory tract by a(n) ________ called the epiglottis, which covers the larynx (voicebox) during swallowing.

hematopoiesis

Formed elements are created in red bone marrow by stem cells in a process called ________.

C3a

________ participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.

Lacrimal apparatus

________: a group of structures that manufactures and drains tears.

Monocytes

________ are not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissues, and mature into macrophages.

Perspiration

________ also contains lysozyme, an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram- positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, gram- negative bacteria.

Sebaceous

________ (oil) glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum that prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle.

C2a

________ and C4b combine and together activate C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b fragments.

Saliva

________ contains not only the enzyme salivary amylase that digests starch, but also a number of substances that inhibit microbial growth.

Natural killer

________ (NK) cells are found in blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

Neutrophils

________ stain pale lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes.

Probiotics

________ are live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect.

Sebum

________ also forms a protective film over the surface of the skin.

complement

Once the ________ proteins combine and interact, C3 splits into fragments C3a and C3b.

MBL

As a result of binding, ________ functions as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis and activates C2 and C4.

phagosome

On contact, the ________ and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome.

indigestible material

After enzymes have digested the contents of the phagolysosome brought into the cell by ingestion, the phagolysosome contains ________ and is called a residual body.

Susceptibility

________: lack of immunity.

Dermis

________: the skins inner, thicker portion, is composed of connective tissue.

local defensive

Damage to the bodys tissues triggers a(n) ________ response called inflammation, another component of the second line of defense.

Basophils

________ stain blue- purple with the basic dye methylene blue.

Antibodies

________ attach to antigens (for example, proteins or large polysaccharides on the surface of a bacterium or other cell), forming antigen- antibody complexes.

classical pathway

As in the ________, C3a participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.

external ear canal

The ________ contains hairs and earwax (cerumen), which help prevent microbes, dust, insects, and water from entering the ear.

lymphoid tissue

The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing ________, and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes.

phagolysosome

The contents of the ________ brought in by ingestion are digested in the ________.

Mucus

________: a slightly viscous (thick) glycoprotein produced by goblet cells of a mucous membrane.

new cells

A tissue is repaired when its stroma or parenchyma produces ________.

Basophils release substances

________, such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses.

flow of urine

The cleansing of the urethra by the ________ is another physical factor that prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract.

phagocytic vesicle

Once the microorganism is surrounded, the pseudopods meet and fuse, surrounding the microorganism with a sac called a phagosome, or ________.

Adaptive immunity

________ is based on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses.

defensive substances

Increased permeability permits ________ normally retained in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area.

Epidermis

________: the outer, thinner portion, is in direct contact with the external environment.

complement system

The ________ consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in blood serum and within tissues throughout the body.

Vaginal secretions

________ likewise move microorganisms out of the female body.

MBL

________ binds to many pathogens because ________ molecules recognize a distinctive pattern of carbohydrates that includes mannose, which is found in bacterial cell walls and on some viruses.