Agranulocytes
also have granules in their cytoplasm, but the granules are not visible under the light microscope after staining.
Chemotaxis
is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.
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Agranulocytes
also have granules in their cytoplasm, but the granules are not visible under the light microscope after staining.
Chemotaxis
is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.
Mucous membranes
also consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.
Cytokines
: are proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.
Leukocyte increase
or decrease can be detected by a differential white blood cell count, which is a calculation of the percentage of each kind of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.
Vaginal secretions
play a role in antibacterial activity in two ways.
Kinins
are another group of substances that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
Gastric juice
is produced by the glands of the stomach.
Granulocytes
owe their name to the presence of large granules in their cytoplasm that can be seen with a light microscope after staining.
intact skin
The is the human bodys largest organ in terms of surface area and tracts.
Eosinophils
stain red or orange with the acidic dye eosin.
Phagocytosis
(from Greek words meaning eat and cell) is the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell.
small lid of cartilage
Microorganisms are also prevented from entering the lower respiratory tract by a(n) called the epiglottis, which covers the larynx (voicebox) during swallowing.
hematopoiesis
Formed elements are created in red bone marrow by stem cells in a process called .
C3a
participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.
Lacrimal apparatus
: a group of structures that manufactures and drains tears.
Monocytes
are not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissues, and mature into macrophages.
Perspiration
also contains lysozyme, an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram- positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, gram- negative bacteria.
Sebaceous
(oil) glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum that prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle.
C2a
and C4b combine and together activate C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b fragments.
Saliva
contains not only the enzyme salivary amylase that digests starch, but also a number of substances that inhibit microbial growth.
Natural killer
(NK) cells are found in blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
Neutrophils
stain pale lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes.
Probiotics
are live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect.
Sebum
also forms a protective film over the surface of the skin.
complement
Once the proteins combine and interact, C3 splits into fragments C3a and C3b.
MBL
As a result of binding, functions as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis and activates C2 and C4.
phagosome
On contact, the and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome.
indigestible material
After enzymes have digested the contents of the phagolysosome brought into the cell by ingestion, the phagolysosome contains and is called a residual body.
Susceptibility
: lack of immunity.
Dermis
: the skins inner, thicker portion, is composed of connective tissue.
local defensive
Damage to the bodys tissues triggers a(n) response called inflammation, another component of the second line of defense.
Basophils
stain blue- purple with the basic dye methylene blue.
Antibodies
attach to antigens (for example, proteins or large polysaccharides on the surface of a bacterium or other cell), forming antigen- antibody complexes.
classical pathway
As in the , C3a participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.
external ear canal
The contains hairs and earwax (cerumen), which help prevent microbes, dust, insects, and water from entering the ear.
lymphoid tissue
The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing , and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes.
phagolysosome
The contents of the brought in by ingestion are digested in the .
Mucus
: a slightly viscous (thick) glycoprotein produced by goblet cells of a mucous membrane.
new cells
A tissue is repaired when its stroma or parenchyma produces .
Basophils release substances
, such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses.
flow of urine
The cleansing of the urethra by the is another physical factor that prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract.
phagocytic vesicle
Once the microorganism is surrounded, the pseudopods meet and fuse, surrounding the microorganism with a sac called a phagosome, or .
Adaptive immunity
is based on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses.
defensive substances
Increased permeability permits normally retained in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area.
Epidermis
: the outer, thinner portion, is in direct contact with the external environment.
complement system
The consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in blood serum and within tissues throughout the body.
Vaginal secretions
likewise move microorganisms out of the female body.
MBL
binds to many pathogens because molecules recognize a distinctive pattern of carbohydrates that includes mannose, which is found in bacterial cell walls and on some viruses.