Chapter 16: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host 

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Agranulocytes

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also have granules in their cytoplasm, but the granules are not visible under the light microscope after staining.

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Chemotaxis

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is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.

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49 Terms

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Agranulocytes

also have granules in their cytoplasm, but the granules are not visible under the light microscope after staining.

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Chemotaxis

is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.

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Mucous membranes

also consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.

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Cytokines

: are proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.

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Leukocyte increase

or decrease can be detected by a differential white blood cell count, which is a calculation of the percentage of each kind of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.

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Vaginal secretions

play a role in antibacterial activity in two ways.

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Kinins

are another group of substances that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

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Gastric juice

is produced by the glands of the stomach.

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Granulocytes

owe their name to the presence of large granules in their cytoplasm that can be seen with a light microscope after staining.

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intact skin

The is the human bodys largest organ in terms of surface area and tracts.

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Eosinophils

stain red or orange with the acidic dye eosin.

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Phagocytosis

(from Greek words meaning eat and cell) is the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell.

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small lid of cartilage

Microorganisms are also prevented from entering the lower respiratory tract by a(n) called the epiglottis, which covers the larynx (voicebox) during swallowing.

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hematopoiesis

Formed elements are created in red bone marrow by stem cells in a process called .

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C3a

participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.

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Lacrimal apparatus

: a group of structures that manufactures and drains tears.

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Monocytes

are not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissues, and mature into macrophages.

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Perspiration

also contains lysozyme, an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram- positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, gram- negative bacteria.

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Sebaceous

(oil) glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum that prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle.

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C2a

and C4b combine and together activate C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b fragments.

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Saliva

contains not only the enzyme salivary amylase that digests starch, but also a number of substances that inhibit microbial growth.

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Natural killer

(NK) cells are found in blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

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Neutrophils

stain pale lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes.

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Probiotics

are live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect.

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Sebum

also forms a protective film over the surface of the skin.

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complement

Once the proteins combine and interact, C3 splits into fragments C3a and C3b.

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MBL

As a result of binding, functions as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis and activates C2 and C4.

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phagosome

On contact, the and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome.

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indigestible material

After enzymes have digested the contents of the phagolysosome brought into the cell by ingestion, the phagolysosome contains and is called a residual body.

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Susceptibility

: lack of immunity.

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Dermis

: the skins inner, thicker portion, is composed of connective tissue.

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local defensive

Damage to the bodys tissues triggers a(n) response called inflammation, another component of the second line of defense.

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Basophils

stain blue- purple with the basic dye methylene blue.

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Antibodies

attach to antigens (for example, proteins or large polysaccharides on the surface of a bacterium or other cell), forming antigen- antibody complexes.

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classical pathway

As in the , C3a participates in inflammation, and C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization.

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external ear canal

The contains hairs and earwax (cerumen), which help prevent microbes, dust, insects, and water from entering the ear.

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lymphoid tissue

The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing , and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes.

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phagolysosome

The contents of the brought in by ingestion are digested in the .

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Mucus

: a slightly viscous (thick) glycoprotein produced by goblet cells of a mucous membrane.

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new cells

A tissue is repaired when its stroma or parenchyma produces .

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Basophils release substances

, such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses.

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flow of urine

The cleansing of the urethra by the is another physical factor that prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract.

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phagocytic vesicle

Once the microorganism is surrounded, the pseudopods meet and fuse, surrounding the microorganism with a sac called a phagosome, or .

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Adaptive immunity

is based on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses.

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defensive substances

Increased permeability permits normally retained in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area.

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Epidermis

: the outer, thinner portion, is in direct contact with the external environment.

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complement system

The consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in blood serum and within tissues throughout the body.

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Vaginal secretions

likewise move microorganisms out of the female body.

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MBL

binds to many pathogens because molecules recognize a distinctive pattern of carbohydrates that includes mannose, which is found in bacterial cell walls and on some viruses.