Chad's Gen chem

How to name an ionic compound (polyatomic/ metal + nonmetal)

1. Name the metal (polyatomic cation)
2. State the oxidation state as a roman numeral in parenthesis (EXCEPT FOR: Group 1 or 2, Al, Zn, Cd, Ag)
3. Name the non-metal (or polyatomic) with -ide ending

How to name molecular compounds?

1. Prefix if first element has more than one atom + name of first element
2. Prefix of number of atoms of second element + root name of second element + ide

What is a binary acid

an acid that contains only two different elements: hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements
Hydro-element-ic acid

What are oxyacids?

acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element (usually a nonmetal)

How to name binary acids

hydro_____ic acid

how to name oxyacids

1. Omit "hydrogen"
2.Start with the root name of the anion
3. Replace -ate with -ic, or -ite with -ous
4. Add "acid"

What are polyatomic ions?

A charged particle with two or more atoms

What is Terra

10^12

What is Giga

10^9

What is Mega

10^6

What is kilo

10^3

What is centi

10^-2

What is milli

10^-3

what is micro

10^-6

what is nano

10^-9

what is pico

10^-12

what is femto

10^-15

ft to inches

1 ft = 12 inches

inch to cm

1 inch = 2.54 cm

cm to meter

100 cm = 1 m

What is density?

mass/volume

Atomic weight

protons + neutrons (Average of the mass numbers of all isotopes)

molecular weight (MW)

the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

who is the most precise lab equipment?

volumetric pipet> buret/ volumetric flask > graduated cylinder > beaker/erlenmeyer flask

dilutions formula

M1V1=M2V2

% error formula

(actual-theoretical)/theoretical x 100

% yield formula

actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

Absorbance equation

absorbance= ecl
e: molar extinction coefficient - higher for things that are bright
c: sample concentration
l: path length- distance bw light source and spectrophotometer

How do you heat a test tube?

in water

How do you dilute strong acids?

Add acid to water, swirl or stir the solution and be careful of the heat produced

Absorbance is directly proportional to

concentration and path length

when pressure increases

volume decreases

empirical formula

a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms

percent composition formula (molar mass)

mass of element/molar mass x 100

percent composition formula

mass of element/mass of compound x 100

1 mole =

6.02 x 10^23 molecules

How to balance a chemical equation

1. make sure each individual compound makes sense (is neutral) 2. take inventory of the atoms for each side of the equation. 3. Add coefficients which should help to make the same number of atoms on each side of the equation. 4. Check the equation by taking another inventory on each side.

limiting reactant

the reactant that limits the amount of the other reactant that can combine and the amount of product that can form in a chemical reaction

What did dalton do?

proposed the atomic theory

What did thompson do?

He discovered the electron and used the cathode ray tube for experiments

What did Milikan do?

• Milikan designed and carried out the famous oil-drop experiment
• This measured the charge on electrons which meant that their mass could be calculated

What did Rutherford do?

discovered the nucleus using the gold foil experiment

atomic orbitals are

s, p, d, f

quantum numbers values

n: 1,2,3...
l: 0,1,...,(n-1)
ml: -l to l
ms: 1/2 or -1/2

ground state electron configuration

the lowest energy electron configuration for an atom or molecule

excited state

a state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state because when an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move to a higher energy level

Aufbau Principle

An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it

Hund's Rule

states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals

Pauli's Exclusion

no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

noble gas configuration/notation

an outer main energy level occupied, in most cases, by eight electrons. It's a way of simplifying an element's electron configuration by comparing it to the closest noble gas that has a lower atomic value.

electron configuration exceptions

Cr, Mo, Cu, Ag, Au

Valence electrons are

electrons in the outermost energy level

Ion Configuration

configurations where you write the electron configuration for the closest Noble Gas.

paramagnetic

Atom or substance containing unpaired electrons and is consequently attracted by a magnet.

diamagnetic

All electrons are paired; slightly repelled by a magnetic field.

electromagnetic radiation equation

c=λv (where c=speed of light=3.00 x 10^8 m/s, λ=wavelength, v=frequency)

Planck's equation

∆E = hf, electromagnetic energy is quantized and only comes in discrete units related to the wave frequency. H= 6.6x10^-34 J*s

electromagnetic spectrum

the complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency