Theoretical Foundation in Nursing Reviewer

Concept

An idea, thought or notion conceived by the mind.

Conceptual Research

Focuses on the theoretical exploration and development of concept and ideas.

Empirical Research

Focuses on gathering empirical evidence and testing hypothesis

Phenomenon

An aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced

Theory

A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon

Nursing Process (ADPIE)

Asses

Diagnose

Plan

Implement

Evaluate

Assess (Nursing Process)

Gather info and review history

Communication

a tool for recognizing the patient's needs and identifying appropriate nursing actions.

Ambulatory

Reminding the patient about the things they need to do

Partially assisted

The patient can only do things when the patient is assisted. The patient assists themselves, but the nurse supervises/monitors

Environment (Nursing Metaparadigm)

defined as the internal and external aspects that influence the patient

Nursing (Nursing Metaparadigm)

attributes characteristics and actions of providing care on behalf or conjunctions with the patient
- Independent: w/o doc intervention
- Dependent: needs order of doctor
- Collaborative: focused not only on the nurse intervention but also other services of the hospital

4 Qualities of a Good Nurse Working with Patients (PEER)

Patient advocacy

Empathy

Emotional regulation

Respect for human dignity

Patient Advocacy

you will need to speak up for those who cant for themselves

Empathy

allows you to put yourself in the shoes of patients as well as colleagues

Emotional Regulation

there are ups and downs as a nurse, and regulating your emotions will help you make better decisions

Respect for human dignity

a fundamental principle, and all patients should be treated with the same level of care

Nursing philosophy

A framework for asking on values, assumptions, concepts, propositions, and actions in a discipline

Uses of philosophy in nursing

it is significant to the development of (other) nursing theories

Science in nursing

unified body of knowledge about a phenomenon that is supported by agreed-upon evidence

Knowledge in nursing

An understanding acquired through learning or investigation of what is known about a discipline's subject matter

- Knowledge

- Mastery

- Wisdom

When did nursing theory start?

women back then were neither educated nor employed in public service

- Nightingale era

- Curriculum era

- Research era

- Nursing as a science

Nightingale era

the school of nursing was established during this era

Curriculum era

the "standardize curriculum" was established during this era

Research era

during this era, there was an increase in nurses seeking higher education: emergence of nursing theories

Nursing as a science (era)

nursing became a profession

In Knowledge (Nursing Theory)

Education, Research, Practice

In Education (Nursing Theory)

Thinking, Writing, Speaking

Components of theory (CDPAP)

Components

Definitions

Phenomenon

Assumptions

Propositions

Components

Concepts → a theory is consisted of interrelated concepts (ex. self care/nursing care)

Definitions

the general meaning of the concept in a manner that it fits the theory (ex. "what is self care deficit")

Phenomenon

an aspect of reality that could be consciously sensed or experienced (ex. dawns phenomenon - happens when hormones in your body naturally increase your blood sugar early in the morning)

backed up by research

Assumptions

statements that are to be taken as truth without proof (ex. a patient can then identify/classify the effects of a medication after taking it for 1 week)

not backed up by research

Propositions

statements that describe the relationships of concepts or connect concepts that are factual or describe the real world.

(ex. IF THEN RELATIONSHIP)

Characteristics of a theory (CSGED)

Clarity

Simplicity

Generality

Empirical precision

Derivable consequences

Clarity

theory must have consistency and structural clarity

Simplicity

A simple theory in which both patient and nurse understands it, is effective

parsimony - "less is better"

Generality

A theory should be applicable to a wide range of people

The broader the scope, the greater the significance

Empirical precision

refers to the extent that defines concepts are grounded in observable reality

Theories are tentative and subject to change

"Grounded, Observable, Basis"

(E.g: Orem's self-care deficit theory can be tested by observing patients' ADLs and evaluating the effectiveness of nursing interventions.)

Derivable consequences

how important is the theory?

nursing theories guide research & practice

(E.g: The nursing process theory predicts that following its steps will lead to improved patient outcomes.)

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

relationship between the environment and health. The environment plays a crucial role in preventing illnesses and promoting health.

Callista Roy's Adaptation Theory

views individuals as open systems that constantly interact with their environment.

adaptation as a key process in maintaining health

Vocation

Innate ability to perform a task

the passion to perform

Profession

An occupation requiring a specialized knowledge acquired through long and intensive academic preparation

A specialized field of practice founded by theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that discipline

E.g: Nursing (cannot just be a vocation because you have to be licensed)

Criteria of a Profession

FREEDOM

AUTONOMY

KNOWLEDGE

LIFE WORK

IMPROVEMENT

EDUCATION

SERVICE

note: these are key words of each criteria, do not focus on memorizing these

"FREEDOM" (Criteria of a Profession)

Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth, and economic security.

"AUTONOMY" (Criteria of a Profession)

Functions autonomously to the formation of professional policy and conduct of professional activity thereby.

"KNOWLEDGE" (Criteria of a Profession)

Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge that is on the intellectual level of a higher learning.

"LIFEWORK" (Criteria of a Profession)

Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work.

"IMPROVEMENT" (Criteria of a Profession)

Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service with the use of scientific methods.

"EDUCATION" (Criteria of a Profession)

Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education.

"SERVICE" (Criteria of a Profession)

Applies its body of knowledge to practical services that are vital to human and social welfare.

Definition of a Nurse

A person educated and licensed to perform activities that will promote health, prevent and treat illnesses

Competence

integration of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that underpin effective performance

Core competency

Elements of competency that contribute to and build a Key Area of Responsibility

Key Area of Responsibility

Key Area of Responsibility → A defined area or domains of skilled performance

E.g: Safe and Quality Nursing Care

Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care (5 responsibilities)

CODE OF ETHICS

EMPOWERMENT

UP-TO-DATE

COLLABORATIVE

GROWTH

note: these are key words of each criteria, do not focus on memorizing these

"CODE OF ETHICS" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care)

Practices in accordance with legal principles and the code of ethics in making personal and professional judgement.

"EMPOWERMENT" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care)

Utilizes the nursing process in the interdisciplinary care of clients that empowers the clients and promotes safe quality care.

"UP-TO-DATE" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care)

Maintains complete and up-to-date recording and reporting system.

"COLLABORATIVE" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care)

Establishes collaborative relationships with colleagues and other members of the team to enhance nursing and other health care services.

"GROWTH" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care)

Promotes professional and personal growth and development.

Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership (6 responsibilities)

QUALITY CARE

ACCOUNTABILITY

DELIVER

COMMUNITY/VILLAGE

SUPERVISION

NETWORKING

note: these are key words of each criteria, do not focus on memorizing these

"QUALITY CARE" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership)

Demonstrates the management and leadership skills to provide safe and quality care.

"ACCOUNTABILITY" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership)

Demonstrates accountability for safe nursing practice.

"DELIVER" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership)

Demonstrates management and leadership skills to deliver health programs and services effectively to specific client groups in the community setting.

"COMMUNITY/VILLAGE" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership)

Manages a community/village based health facility.

"SUPERVISION" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership)

Demonstrates ability to lead and supervise nursing support staff.

"NETWORKING" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and Leadership(

Utilizes appropriate mechanisms for networking, linkage building and referrals.

Beginning Nurse’s Role on Research (3 responsibilities)

ENGAGEMENT

EVALUATION

APPLICATION

note: these are key words of each criteria, do not focus on memorizing these

"ENGAGEMENT" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Research)

Engages in nursing or health related research with or under the supervision of an experienced researcher

"EVALUATION" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Research)

Evaluates research study/report utilizing guidelines in the conduct of a written research critique.

"APPLICATION" (Beginning Nurse’s Role on Research)

Applies the research process in improving client care in partnership with a quality improvement, quality assurance, nursing audit. team

Personal Qualities of the Professional Nurse (JustPruForTe.)

Justice
Prudence
Fortitude
Temperance

Prudence (Personal Qualities of the Professional Nurse)

the basis for the exercise of sound judgment in practical matters

- Judgement

- Reliability

Justice (Personal Qualities of the Professional Nurse)

the quality of being correct, righteous, fair and impartial

Fortitude (Personal Qualities of the Professional Nurse)

courage, the control of responses made to difficulties and dangers

- Motivation

- Resourceful

Temperance (Personal Qualities of the Professional Nurse)

rational control of life’s essential functions and basic emotional drives

- Moderation

The SEAL of Thomasian Education (S.E.A.L.)

Servant Leader

Effective Communicator and Collaborator

Analytical and Creative Thinker

Lifelong Learner

Thomasian Nurse Values (R.E.L.I.C.S.)

Respect

Excellence

Leadership

Innovation

Compassion

Spirituality

Respect (Thomasian Nurse Values)

we treat everyone with utmost dignity in the light of Catholic Faith

Excellence (Thomasian Nurse Values)

we uphold the culture of excellence and continuously commit to achieve high levels

Leadership (Thomasian Nurse Values)

we empower students to become productive, efficient and be of service to others

Innovation (Thomasian Nurse Values)

we encourage creative and critical thinking, new ideas and research

Compassion (Thomasian Nurse Values)

we are sensitive to others feelings

Spirituality (Thomasian Nurse Values)

we assist our patients to have faith, be hopeful, and have a good relationship with God

St. Elizabeth of Hungary

Patroness of Nurses (1207-1231)

- Born in Hungary at 1207, daughter of Alexander II, king of Hungary.

- Educated in Germany

- 1221, married Ludwig IV of Thuringia

- Lead a simple life, practiced penance and dedicated herself to charity

- Built a hospital in Wartburg

- Had 3 children, Ludwig died while fighting in the Holy War

- Died at the age of 24 at November 17, 1231 (feast day)

St. Martin De Porres

Patron of Public Health and Social Justice (1579-1639)

- Poor, did not come from a noble family but did a lot of missionary/charitable works

- born at Lima, Peru in 1579

- He loved all animals including vermin, cats and dogs.

- A close friend of St. Rose of Lima, this saintly man died on November 3, 1639 (feast day) and was canonized on May 6, 1962.

St. Thomas Aquinas

Patron of Catholic Universities, Colleges and Schools (1225 - 1254)

- Italian Catholic philosopher and Theologian. He is known as Doctor Universalis or Doctor Angelicus

- on fifth year, sent to the monastery of Monte Cassino for education. Later studied in Naples

- Held captive for nearly two years with pleas, threats, and even sensual temptation, his family tried to make him give up his vocation

- With the intervention of Pope Innocent IV, the family yielded

- Albert Magnus (1193-1280), recognized Thomas as a Philosopher

- In 1252, Thomas went to Paris for the Master’s degree

- obtained his degree of Doctor of Theology at the University of Paris

- lived less than fifty years but composed more than sixty works, including the Summa Theologica

- Died on March 7, 1274 but his feast day is January 28

Feast day of St. Elizabeth of Hungary

November 17, 1231

Feast day of St. Martin De Porres

November 3, 1639

Feast day of St. Thomas Aquinas

January 28

what is the problem of Nursing as a practice discipline?

Nurses in practice know more than they can communicate to others

- Even if right, take into account if it is appropriate

- Empirical knowledge only partially reflects nursing knowledge

- can be addressed with Barbara Carper's Theory, the patterns of knowing

Barbara Carper's Theory: Patterns of knowing (AEEP)

Aesthetic

Empirical

Ethical

Personal

Knowing (Knowing vs. Knowledge)

refers to the way of perceiving and understanding self and the world

Knowledge (Knowing vs. Knowledge)

refers to knowing that is expressed in a form that can be shared and communicated to others.

Empirics: The Science of Nursing

what is known is accessible through the physical senses: seeing, touching and hearing

A pattern of knowing that draws on traditional ideas of science

Empirical knowing

Scientific competence: competent action grounded in scientific knowledge including theories and formal description

Positivist science where knowledge is systematically organized into general laws and theories (via research and theory)

Summary: this type of knowing is based on scientific knowledge and evidence

Personal knowing

Self-Awareness: acceptance of self that is grounded in self-knowledge and confidence

Used when nurses engage in the therapeutic use of self in practice

Summary: This type of knowing is derived from the nurse's own experiences, beliefs, and values

Aesthetic knowing

The Art of Nursing: to respond with skilled action and nursing intuition and empathy

Actions, bearing, conduct, attitudes, narrative, and interaction.

Knowing what to do without conscious deliberation

Summary: This type of knowing involves intuition, creativity, and the ability to understand the subjective experiences of patients