ch._11_-_pastoral_peoples_on_the_global_stage_-_the_mongol_moment__1200-1450_

How did Chinggis Khan's early life influence his rise to power?

He faced early adversity, being abandoned by his clan, which shaped his drive and alliances that contributed to his eventual unification of the Mongols.

What were the primary animals that pastoral societies relied on?

Horses, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, yaks, and reindeer.

What characterized the political organization of pastoral societies? (Like socially too)

They were often based on kinship, with clans forming tribes and leadership typically being more egalitarian than in agricultural societies.

In what ways did pastoral societies differ from agricultural societies?

-Pastoral societies generally supported smaller populations,

-were more mobile,

- and organized around kinship rather than large,

- complex state systems.

What role did women play in Mongol society compared to agricultural societies?

Mongol women had higher status, fewer restrictions, and greater involvement in public life than women in many agricultural societies.

What was the impact of Mongol military tactics on their success?

Mongol armies were better organized and disciplined, using mobile horseback strategies that dominated larger, less mobile armies.

How did the Mongols maintain control over their empire?

They employed administrative techniques, religious toleration, and extracted wealth through tribute from conquered peoples.

What role did trade play under Mongol rule?

The Mongol Empire facilitated international commerce, promoting trade routes and offering security for merchants.

What was the relationship between the Mongols and the societies they conquered?

While they imposed harsh rule, they also adopted elements of the cultures they conquered, such as Islam in Persia and some aspects of Chinese governance.

What impact did the Black Death have on the Mongol Empire?

It led to significant population decline, economic disruption, and contributed to the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire.

How did the Mongol Empire foster cultural exchange across Eurasia?

By promoting the movement of people, ideas, and technologies among conquered territories, leading to a cosmopolitan culture.

What was the Xiongnu Empire, and why was it significant?

An early large-scale pastoral empire that set a precedent for later empires, including the Mongol Empire.

What were the main causes of the decline of the Mongol Empire?

Political fragmentation, the rise of local powers, economic troubles, and disruptions from the Black Death.

+mongols assimilating to local culture of conquered nations

In what ways did Mongol rule affect the Islamic world differently than China?

In Persia, the Mongols were more open to local customs and eventually converted to Islam, while in China, they maintained a more exploitative rule.

What unique practices characterized Mongol women's roles?

Mongol women could initiate divorce, served as political advisors, and participated in economic activities more freely than women in many other societies.

What was a key outcome of the Mongol invasions for Russia?

Mongol control led to tribute-based governance but allowed local rulers to maintain some autonomy, paving the way for the rise of Moscow.

+Moscow became core of Russia by collecting tribute