AICE Environmental Management Ultimate Review 2022

Name the oceans of the world.

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern

Name the continents

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America

Where is the Atlantic Ocean?

East coast of US

Where is the Pacific Ocean located?

Left of South America

Where is the Indian Ocean?

South India

Where is the Southern Ocean?

Above Antarctica

Where is the Arctic Ocean?

North Pole

Where is Africa located?

Below Europe

Where is North America

USA, Canada, Greenland, gulf of mexico ect.

Where is South America

Below North America

Where is Europe?

Uk, iceland, france, ukraine, finland ect.

Where is Asia?

Russia, china, india, japan ect.

Where is Antarctica?

South Pole

Where is Oceania?

australia, new zealand, papua new guinea ect.

low-income countries

nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income

high-income countries

nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income

middle-income countries

nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income

Sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Describe the need to use our resources sustainably.

We need to use our resources sustainably because at the current rate we will not have enough for future generations. We need to scale back our use of resources and be more efficient with the ones we have

Water Cycle

The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back

Percipitation

water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth as rain,sleet , or snow

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

driving force of the water cycle

sun

Evaporation

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

largest reservoir of water

oceans

Cryosphere

A term referring to all water that is temporarily frozen in polar ice caps, snow, permafrost, and glaciers

Interception

Water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass

Infiltration

the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

surface runoff

Water flowing off the land into bodies of surface water.

Through flow

movement of water through soil

Ground water flow

Run-off that flows under ground

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

main gasses of the atmosphere

nitrogen • oxygen • carbon dioxide • argon • water vapour

What layer contains ozone

Stratosphere

function of ozone layer

Keeps most UV light from reaching Earth

Atmospheric layer where weather occurs

Troposphere

Explain the greenhouse effect and its role in maintaining Earth's temperature.

• ultraviolet radiation (shortwave radiation) passes through the Earth's atmosphere and is absorbed by the Earth's surface • some energy is re-emitted back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation (longwave radiation) • greenhouse gases absorb some of this infrared radiation and prevent it from leaving the atmosphere

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

habitat

Place where an organism lives

Niche

Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

Abiotic Factors

Nonliving components of environment.

biotic factors

living and once living parts of an ecosystem

List the (3) types of biotic factors

Producers, Consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), Decomposers

List the (7) abiotic factors of an ecosystem

Temperature - Humidity - Water - Oxygen - Salinity - Light - pH

Producers

Organisms that make their own food using the sun

Consumers

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

decomposers/detritivores

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

primary consumers (herbivores) eat

producers

secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

tertiary consumers (carnivores)

organisms in the fourth trophic level (eg, hawks and sea otters), which obtain their energy by eating secondary consumers

Describe how biotic factors affect the number and the diversity of organisms found within an ecosystem

Biotic factors impact the availability of food sources to secondary and tertiary consumers. They impact the populations of herbivores and producers. The more diversity in the ecosystem the more resilient it is to change.

Interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

grazing

act of feeding on plants

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

photosynthesis

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

Formula for photosynthesis

6H₂O + 6CO₂ + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

pigment in the plant that captures light for photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

4 factors that affect photosynthesis

temperature, light intensity, amount of carbon dioxide and the availability of water.

Carbon stores

Places where carbon accumulates for a period of time such as rocks, oceans, atmosphere and plant matter.

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web

food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

What is transferred between organisms on a food chain/web

energy

energy pyramid

A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

pyramid of biomass

A pyramid that illustrates the total mass of all the organisms in a trophic level.

pyramid of numbers

representation of the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem

aerobic respiration

Breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to create energy and carbon dioxide

Formula for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

word formula for photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide + Water ------Sun------> Glucose + Oxygen

word formula for cellular respiration

oxygen + glucose > carbon dioxide + water + energy

Carbon Cycle Steps

1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion. 2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis. 3. Animals feed on the plant passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon they consume is exhaled as carbon dioxide formed during respiration. The animals and plants eventually die. 4. The dead organisms are eaten by decomposers and the carbon in their bodies is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some conditions decomposition is blocked. The plant and animal material may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion.

Describe how the scientific method involves the interplay between observations and the formation, testing and evaluation of hypotheses.

Scientists make an observation which leads them to ask a question. They think of a possible solution or reasoning for the observation they made (hypothesis) and then design and analyze a test (experiment) to see if their reasoning was correct.

independent variable

variable that is manipulated/changed/whos effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Reliable Data

Data that is consistent and repeatable

Bias data

Occurs when the experimenter purposely manipulates the results in a way that will prove their hypothesis is true

Early climate data

limited amount of historical data, can be re-examined using proxy data such as ice cores, tree rings and coral growth rings.

present climate data

development of scientific theory • advances in technology (Satellites, Geospatial systems and monitoring, computer models)

random sampling

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

systemic sampling

select some starting point and then select every nth element in the population

transect sampling

a line randomly crosses a space and any organisms that are close to the line are counted.

factors influence suitability of sampling

size, ease of access, knowledge of the environment.

Quadrats

square frames (usually 1m x1m) used in estimating abundance in plants or slow-moving animals

Grid quadrat

The same as a frame quadrat but containing smaller internal division, used to estimate percentage cover

Open frame quadrat

used to measure the density per metre squared of organisms such as mussels or dandelions

Point quadrat

A horizontal bar on two legs with a series of holes set at intervals along its length, through which pins are dropped. Can be used to investigate the abundance and distribution of organisms in an area.

Pitfall trap

Sampling technique used to trap animals living on the soil surface or in leaf litter.

Sweep netting

sampling method using a fine net swept through the air and then closed at the neck. Used for sampling flying insects

Beating trays method

A cloth that is usually stretched out using a frame. The frame is then held under a tree or shrub and the foliage is then shaken. Invertebrates fall from the foliage and land on the cloth. They can then be examined or collected.

Kick sampling

Used to study river organism, sediment is kicked up and a net downstream catches any organisms for a set period of time

light traps

A method of sampling populations of night-flying organisms that are attracted to lights, especially moths.

Capture-mark-recapture

The method involves capturing a number of animals, marking them, releasing them back into the population, and then determining the ratio of marked to unmarked animals in the population. Also known as The Lincoln Index, a process which is used to estimate the size of populations which are very mobile and difficult to survey.

Water turbidity

Turbidity (from sediment) reduces the amount of light penetrating the water column, thus depressing primary productivity.

questionaire data

facts and figures obtained by asking people about their attitudes, awareness, intentions, and behaviors

Lincoln Index

a way to measure the abundance of small motile organisms

(catch 1 x catch 2) / marked in catch 2

Simpson's Index of Diversity

a measure of biodiversity that takes into account both species richness and species evenness.