"Music: An Appreciation," by Roger Kamien, Mcgraw-Hill Education

Four main elements of musical sounds

pitch, dynamics, tone color, duration

Definite Pitch is a ________.

tone

Interval

distance between two tones

Western music divides octave into how many tones?

12 tones

dynamics (music)

Relative loudness of a sound

Crescendo

Gradually louder (dynamics)

Decrescendo

Gradually softer

Tone color (timbre)

Quality that identifies an instruments sound

How do you create new tone colors?

by blending instruments

Highest female voice

Soprano

Highest male voice

tenor

Lowest female voice

contralto

Lowest male voice

bass

String instruments (high to low)

violin, viola, cello (violin cello), bass (double bass)

T/F: The English horn is an oboe

True

T/F: The piccolo is a flute

True

T/F: Woodwinds are a single note instrument

True

T/F: The saxophone 🎷 is a brass instrument

False

Orchestral basses (high to low)

Trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba

Putting a ________ in a brass instrument alters the tone color.

Mute

Definite Pitch instruments produce ________

Tones

Instruments of indefinite pitch (percussion)

Drum (snare and bass), Tambourine, Triangle, Cymbals, Gong

Definite Pitch instruments (percussion)

Timpani, Glockenspiel, Xylophone, Celesta, Chimes, Marimba

What year was Piano created

~1700

What years were the Harpsichord most prominent?

1500-1775

Rhythm

flow of music through time

Beat

recurring, regular pulse

Meter

grouping of beats

Tempo

speed of the beat

Adagio

Slow

Moderato

moderate

Allegro

fast

Presto

very fast

molto

very

non trappo

not too much

accelerando

To gradually speed up

ritardando

gradually slower

Melody

a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole.

Harmony

The way chords are constructed and how they follow each other

Chord

Three or more tones sounded at once

Consonant

Stable, restful chords

Dissonant

Unstable, tense chords

The triad is the _________

simplest most basic chord

Key

Centering of a melody or harmony around a central note

What determines scale and key?

the number of sharps and flats

A ________ utilizes all 12 notes within the octave.

Chromatic scale

Major key (name tones)

TTSTTTS

Minor key (name tones)

TSTTSTT

What is an Accidental?

a sharp or flat in a scale

Modulation

Change of key

Tonic key

Main key in a piece. Modulation away from tonic usually return at end of piece.

Polyphonic texture

2 or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously

Homophonic Texture

one melody with chordal accompaniment

Monophonic Texture

Features a single unaccompanied melody

Change of ________ within a piece provides variety and contrast

Texture

Articulation

The performer brings to life the printed symbols laid out by composer

Interpretation

Judging a performance; musicians playing same notes with different statements in the way they perform.

Legato

Connected/ holding long

Staccato

separated, detached style

Tenuto

Moderately held

Middle Ages

450-1450

Renaissance

1450-1600

Baroque

1600-1750

Classical

1750-1820

Romantic

1820-1900

Whole note

Hollow circle

Half-note

Hollow circle with line

Quarter-note

Dark circles with line

Eighth-note

Dark circle with line and protruding curve

Sixteenth-note

Dark circle with line and two protruding curves

Adding a dot to musical notes multiples note by ____

Half (1/2)

Gregorian chant AKA _________

Plain chant

Organum

Early polyphony of the middle ages

ars nova (Latin)

New art- changes in musical styles in 14th century music

Which period did musicians enjoy higher status and pay?

Renaissance period

What was the leading musical center of the Renaissance period?

Italy

_________ music was more important than instrumental in the Renaissance period.

Vocal

Which period did word painting develop?

Renaissance period

Primary texture of Renaissance period?

Polyphonic

How was rhythm in the Renaissance period- gentle or distinct beats?

Gentle flow of beats

Motet

Short polyphonic choral work; Latin text overlaid with vernacular text

Mass

Polyphonic choral composition of the Catholic Church. [Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei]

Who created Motet?

Josquin Desperez

Who created the Mass?

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Madrigal (secular)

For several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love. Combined homophonic and polyphonic textures.

What is the texture of a Renaissance lute song?

Homophonic

T/F: Was vocal music still more prominent than instrumental music in the Renaissance period?

True

T/F: There was fragmented mood in Baroque music.

False, Unity in mood

T/F: Rhythmic patterns are repeated in Baroque music.

True

How is melody treated in Baroque music?

it repeats and expands the melodic sequence

What are terraced dynamics and in which period was this prominent?

Volumes are constant with abrupt changes. Baroque Period.

Late Baroque was mostly a _______ texture

polyphonic

Basso Continuo

Accompaniment played by keyboard instrument following numbers which specifies the chords.

Syllabic

one note to one syllable

Melismatic

Many notes to single syllable

Nucleus of Baroque Orchestra was the _________

basso continuo unit

T/F: Baroque instrumental music was made up if and introduced movements.

True

What is a piece that sounds complete in itself and is part of a larger composition?

a movement

Baroque form featured a unity of ________ between individual movements.

mood

Baroque society preferred (old/new) music.

New