INDUSTRIALIZATION

What happened to the United Opposition at the 15th Party Congress?

They were crushed by Stalin and the Right Opposition led by Bukharin

Did ideological battles end after the United Opposition was defeated?

No, party leadership continued to fight, especially over industrialisation

Who were Stalin’s next opponents after the United Opposition?

The Right Opposition led by Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky

What was the new major issue debated in the Communist Party by 1927?

How to industrialise the Soviet Union

Why was Stalin concerned about the NEP by 1927?

He felt the Kulaks and NEP Men were gaining too much power and threatened socialism

Who were the Kulaks?

Wealthy peasants who benefited from the NEP

Who were the NEP Men?

Wealthy business owners who benefited from the NEP

Why did Stalin see the Kulaks and NEP Men as a threat?

He believed they would resist state-led industrialisation and preserve capitalism

What was Stalin’s solution to the influence of Kulaks and NEP Men?

Eliminate them and let the state fully control industrialisation

What did Stalin want to replace the NEP with?

State-led rapid industrialisation

What was Bukharin’s position on the NEP?

He supported keeping it because it was stabilising the economy

What was Bukharin’s view on industrialisation?

He believed it should be supported by cooperation with Kulaks and NEP Men

Who were Bukharin’s allies in the Right Opposition?

Alexei Rykov and Mikhail Tomsky

Why did the Right Opposition oppose Stalin’s industrialisation plans?

They believed abandoning the NEP would harm the economy and workers

What was Stalin’s attitude toward opposition to his industrial plan?

Ruthless—he would not allow anyone to get in his way

What did Stalin use to defeat the Right Opposition?

His power as General Secretary and influence over party votes

What happened at the Central Committee meetings on industrialisation?

Stalin ensured Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky were defeated in every vote

How did Stalin portray the Right Opposition in 1929?

As blockers of the state's plans to rapidly industrialise the economy

What happened to Bukharin and Tomsky in 1929?

They were removed from the Politburo

What happened to Alexei Rykov?

He was allowed to stay in government until 1930, then removed by Stalin

By 1929, what had Stalin achieved politically?

He had defeated all opponents and was the most powerful man in the USSR

What marked the end of the NEP era?

Stalin’s rejection of cooperation with Kulaks and NEP Men in favour of state-led industrialisation

What did Stalin believe was the only way to defeat capitalism in the USSR?

State-led rapid industrialisation without reliance on wealthy classes