b4 biological molecules

main carbohydrate molecules

glycogen for humans and starch for plants, made up of long chains of smaller sugar molecules

dna

double helix shape and made up of pairings of 4 different chemicals(bases). four different bases, always pair A, T and C, G. shape held together by binds between bases

sugar test

benedicts solution + water bath at 80 degrees → blue to brick red for positive

protein test

biuret solution(potassium hydroxide + copper sulfate) + aqueous protein → blue to purple color change

starch test

sample + iodine, brown for negative blue black for positive

fats and oils

add ethanol and shake to dissolve, add water and a milky color indicates an emulsion of the dissolved fat forming in the water.

vitamin c

add blue dcpip solution, if it turns clear then present, more solution used means more vitamin C

enzyme

natural catalysts that forms enzyme-substrate complex. denaturing causes the substrate to no longer complement the reaction so therefore the enzyme can no longer function

optimum temp for enzymes

optimal temperature for enzymes: hot enough so that more effective collisions happen, not too hot so that some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break and cause the enzyme to denature

why is ph important for enzymes

ph can also mess with the bonds and denature the enzyme - optimum ph