EXAM #2 INFOMATION

Which vessels can change their resistance the most?

arterioles

Which vessels determine the blood flow to a particular organ?

arterioles

The _______________________________, the greater the vascular tone.

higher the sarcoplasmic calcium

Blood pressure is pulsatile in at least some....

arterioles and arteries

When compliance is higher...

systolic pressure is lower, diastolic pressure is higher

True or false? The compliance of the arteries is very volatile.

False

The higher the compliance of an elastic structure the

lower the elastic recoil of the structure

After about 50 years of age, arterial compliance tends to...

decrease

The blood flow through one arteriole is ____ the flow through one artery.

slower than

When vascular smooth muscle contracts you get...

vasoconstriction

Which three organs or types of organs have the largest changes in metabolic rate?

heart, glands, and skeletal muscle

The myogenic response is most well developed in which four of the following organs or types of organs?

kidneys, liver, spleen, digestive tract organs

Which adrenergic receptor in on post-synaptic vascular smooth muscle?

alpha-1

What type of receptor is the vasopressin receptor on vascular smooth muscle?

Gq protein-coupled receptor

What type of receptor is the angiotensin II receptor on vascular smooth muscle?

Gq protein-coupled receptor

Vasodilation can be triggered by...

increased osmolarity

The myogenic response is part of...

flow autoregulation and reactive hyperemia

In which of the following mechanisms does a decrease in oxygen trigger vasodilation.

active hyperemia, flow autoregulation, reactive hyperemia.

What type of receptor is the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor?

Gq protein-coupled receptors

Increasing the stretch on an arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell would tend to cause...

increased calcium in the cell

Which branch of the nervous system innervate the vasculature?

sympathetic

True or false? There is no sympathetic activity to the vasculature at rest

False

True or false? Nitric oxide is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed

false

True or false? Prostacyclin is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed.

true

True or false? The three primary hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle can all cause vasoconstriction.

true

Resistance to blood flow is greater in the

arteries

In normal physiology, filtration occurs out of

capillaries

The slowest blood flow is through

capillaries

Large proteins can pass through capillary fenestrae in

liver

___________________ have valves that allow only one-way blood flow.

veins

True or false? Most capillaries have water-filled gaps between the endothelial cells.

True

True or false? Precapillary sphincters can contract enough to completely close-off a capillary

true

Precapillary sphincters contract when...

oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low

In most capillaries, nutrient, gas and waste product exchange across capillaries is primarily by..

diffusion

The brain cannot limit the movement of ___ across capillary walls

lipophilic substances

True or false? There is more than three times more interstitial fluid in the body than plasma in the body

True

The bulk flow of interstitial fluid into a capillary is called...

absorption

Water moves from...

low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

Normally the protein concentration in the plasma is ___ the protein concentrations in the interstitial fluid.

higher than

True or false? Normally, all of the fluid that filters out of the arterial side of a capillary is absorbed on the venous side.

False

True or false? Blood flow through all the arteries combined equals the blood flow through all the arterioles combined.

True

True or false? The higher the resistance downstream, the higher the pressure upstream

True

Chronic aerobic exercise...

increases arterial compliance.

Which of the following statements are true>

-Compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
-Volume of substances in an elastic structure determines the pressure of the structure.

What term means a vessel increased in diameter

vasodilation

What term means a vessel decreased in diameter

vasoconstriction

What is the adjective form of atrium?

Atrail

What is the adjective form of artery

arterial

What the the deterministic equation for the flow of blood to a particular organ?

flow= mean arteriole pressure/ resistance of organ

What 3 factors determine the pulse pressure?

-stroke volume
-speed of ejection of stroke volume
-arterial compliance

True or false? Blocking all the adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle would cause blood pressure to fall to levels unconducive to life.

True

Angiotensin II acts on ___ receptors on vascular smooth muscle

AT1

Sympathetic withdrawal generally causes...

vasodilation

Vasopressin acts on ___ receptors on vascular smooth muscle

V1

The vasoconstriction in the skin that occurs when you are cold is primarily due to...

nervous factors

____ glands secrete to the outside part of the body.

exocrine

Hypoxia and other stresses can trigger cells to release which nucleoside discussed in lecture?

Adenosine

What word given in the lecture videos means an increase in blood flow?

Hyperemia

What specific channel in vascular smooth muscle is important for the myogenic response?

stretch-sensitive Ca++ channel

What neurotransmitter is released by most f the sympathetic neurons to the vasculature?

Norepinephrine

What is the name of the mechanism whereby an increase in the metabolic activity of a tissue leads to an increase in blood flow to that tissue?

Active hyperemia

What is the name of the mechanism whereby a decrease in arterial blood pressure to an organ leads to vasodilation of the arteriole in that organ?

flow autoregulation.

Which of the 3 primary hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle can cause vasodilation and what receptor does it act on to cause this effect?

Epinephrine: beta-2 adrenergic receptors

Which three tissue types have the most well-developed active hyperemia mechanism?

-skeletal muscle
-cardiac muscle
-glands

What three chemicals or type of chemicals mentioned in the video are releases in response to injury that can cause vasodilation?

-bradykinin
-adenosine
-Eicosanoids

What are the primary three hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle?

-epinephrine
-vasopressin
-angiotensin II

What are the three chemicals known to stimulate nitric oxide secretion by endothelial cels?

-histamine
-bradykinin
-Acetylcholine

What are three chemicals released by endothelial cells that act on vascular smooth muscle cells and what is the effect of each?

-nitric oxide: vasodilation
-prostacyclin: vasodilation
-endothelin-1: vasoconstriction

What chemicals that can trigger arteriolar vasodilation increase in the interstitial fluid surrounding a cell when that cell becomes more metabolically active.

-CO2
-K+
-H+
-Adenosine

True or false? The driving force for flow from the heart to the capillaries is the same as the driving force for flow from the capillaries.

False

True or false? Venous valves are present in the large vein in the torso

False

Given the following, what is the net filtration pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary= 25 mmHg
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial= normal
Oncotic pressure in the capillary= 30 mmHg
Oncotic pressure in the interstitial= 5 mmHg
What is the filtration/absorption of this example?

25-0-30+5= 0 mmHg
-Neither filtration nor absorption

In most capillaries, everything in the plasma can pass through fenestrae into the interstitium except...

proteins

What word means transport of fluid across the cell into vesicles?

transcytosis

What is the standard abbreviation for oncotic pressure?

pi

Other than diffusion, what is another primary mechanism in the brain for transport of substances into and out of capillaires?

Mediated transport

What creates the concentration gradient for the diffusion of gases, nutrients and waste products between the plasma and the intestinal fluid?

metabolism

What layers makes up the capillary wall?

-simple squamous tissue
-basement membrane

Why is it important to have slow blood flow through the capillaries?

To allow time for diffusion

Normally about how much of the fluid that is filtered on the arterial side of the capillary is not absorbed on the venous side?

10%

What normally happens to the fluid that was filtered out of the capillary on the arterial side but not absorbed on the venous side?

enters the lymphatic vessels which eventually dump into the veins

True or false? Increasing heart rate without changing venous return would increase cardiac output.

False

Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the carotid sinus?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which nerve carries parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons to the heart?

Vagus Nerve

Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferent from the aortic arch?

Vagus Nerve

What is the primary cardiovascular variable that the body works to maintain constant?

Mean arterial pressure

What is the name for the short-term negative feedback reflex that controls mean arterial pressure?

Baroreceptor Reflex

What neurotransmitter is released onto vein and what receptor do the venous smooth muschle cells have for that neurotransmitter?

Norepinephrine acts on alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

What is the deterministic equation for mean arterial pressure?

Mean Arterial pressure= Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

What are the four primary factors that can increase venous pressure?

Sympathetic nerves
Blood volume
Skeletal muscle pump
Inspiratory Movements

Draw a flow chart for how a hemorrhage will lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure

#1) Hemorrhage
#2) Decreases Blood volume
#3) Decreases venous pressure
#4) Venous return decreases
#5) Decrease atrial pressure
#6) Decreases end-diastolic volume
#7) Decreases stroke volume
#8) Decrease cardiac output
#9) Decreases mean arterial pressure

List the 5 components of a negative feedback reflex and state where or what these components are for the regulation of mean arterial pressure.

LOOK IN NOTES (week 6 lecture 1 #11)

True or false? While on a long airline flight or car drive, it is important to contract the muscles in the legs occasionally to prevent blood clot formation.

True

Which of the following is elevated when you are standing compared to when you are lying down?

Blood pressure at the level of the heart
Sympathetic activity
Total peripheral resistance

The evidence suggest that changes in _____ are the biggest contributor to essential hypertension

sympathetic activity

Other than the baroreceptors, what is another short-term regulator of mean arterial pressure?

Stress

What is the mechanism for the vasoconstriction to the intestines and kidneys during an intense exercise?

Myogenic Response and Sympathetic activity

Where are low pressure baroreceptors found?

Right atrium and venae cavae

What are the two proposed mechanisms for the long-term control of blood pressure?

sympathetic activity and blood volume (by kidney)

What are three conditions mentioned in the video that can reduce baroreceptor reflex gain?

#1) Diabetes
#2) Heart disease/ kidney disease
#3) Pregnancy