Roman Republic

Latins

Settled Latium (central and southern Italy) Introduced the Latin language.

Etruscans

Seafaring people from Asia minor, settled Eturia (northern and central Italy)

1. Greek alphabet (modern day)

2. bronze work and pottery

3. the chariot

4. city states and oligarchies

Tarqinuus Superbus

last Etruscan king

Brutus

one of the leaders for the overthrow of Tarqinuus Superbus

Larariums

shrines built into walls to protect a household

gravitas

Importance of the matter at hand, responsibility, earnestness, and pride in being Latin.

dignitas

Sense of self worth and personal pride. Serve as magistrates or army officers.

Patrons

a wealthy roman citizen that gave money to clients. Their clients became dependent on the patron. The patron could call on their client for help when needed.

Conflict of Orders

Steps to Plebeian equality

1. creation of 2 later 10 Tribunes, had veto power

2. creation of 12 tables, first written form of Roman law

3. consul can be either Patrician or Plebeian

4. Tribal assembly can pass laws without senate aproval

Third Servile War

Slave revolt led by an escaped gladiator Spartacus. He gained a huge following but was unable to control his army. He missed two opportunities to leave Rome and was killed by Crassus. The rest of the slaves were crucified.

Camillus

Roman general and leader who fought against the Gauls when they sacked Rome. Payed them to leave instead of defeating them in battle.

Battle at Allia River

The Romans suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Gauls.

Caudine Forks

Samnities win overwhelmingly by luring the Romans into a trap. Instead of slaughtering the Romans they chose to humiliate them.

Pyrrhos of Epirus

Greek king of southern Italy. Fought against the Romans and won many battles but ran out of men and was forced to retreat. Pyrrhic victories.

Hamilcar Barcas

the best Carthaginian general in the 1st Punic war

1st Punic War

Won by the Romans because they found and copied one of the Carthaginian ships. Peace treaty included:

1. Sicily was given to Rome

2. Carthage pays a large indemnity and has to hire more mercenaries

3. Rome takes Sardinia and Corsica leading to second war

2nd Punic War

1. Carthage wants revenge

2. Rome concerned about Carthage expanding into Spain

Battle at Trebbia river

First major battle in 2nd Punic war. Won by Hannibal.

Lake Tresimenus

Hannibal uses fog, the lake, and hills to ambush the Romans, killing over half of their army. Released all non Romans to attempt to get them on his side.

Battle of Cannae

Two Roman consuls: Paulus does not want to fight but dies, Varro wants to fight but flees. Rome’s army is decimated, Rome is in a state of panic.

Quintus Fabius Maximus

New Roman military leader after battle of Cannae. Uses a mirroring tactic and does not engage in direct combat. Unpopular but successful.

P. Cornelius Scipio/Scipio Africanus

Drives the Carthaginians out of Spain. At the battle of Zama he defeats Hannibal and Hannibal escapes to Syria and eventually commits suicide.

2nd Punic war Peace Treaty

1. Carthage loses Spain

2. Destruction of the Carthaginian fleet

3. Carthage pays a huge indemnity for 50 years

Battle of Metaurus River

Hannibal’s brother Hadsrubal is defeated and his head is thrown into Hannibal’s camp. Turning point of the war. Hannibal realizes his invasion is a lost cause.

3rd Punic War

Influenced by senator Cato. Carthage is burnt to the ground and salt is thrown on their fields. All survivors are sold as slaves.

Marius

makes army professional and loyal to their general

Sulas

1. Army for political purposes

2. Marches army in Rome

3. remains dictator longer than allowed

Caesar Reforms

granted citizenship to provinces, Julian calendar, decreased unemployment, stimulated trade, public works program

Octavian

declares Caesar God, first emporer of Rome, Augustus Caesar.