Botany | Exam 3 Study Guide | Dr. Sara Browning | PBA Fall 2024

homologous features

similar features that originated in a shared ancestor

analogous features

share similar function, but not common ancestry

phylogenetic

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

cladistics

A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.

clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

polyphyletic

pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors

paraphyletic

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

synapomorphy

shared derived character

barcoding

molecular biology technique in which one or more short gene sequences taken from a well-characterized portion of the genome is used to identify a species

phylocode

System of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: Only groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendents are named.

algal blooms

an explosion of algae in water that causes the loss of oxygen in the water.

eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

heterocyst

a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria

Prochlorococcus

most abundant photosynthetic organism on the planet

mycelium

mass of hyphae

hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

parasite

An organism that feeds on a living host

symbiont

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.

pathogen

An organism that causes disease

chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Basidiomycota

club fungi (mushrooms)

Ascomycota

sac fungi

Zygomycete

Member of a group of fungi characterized by a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.

Glomeromycota

a group of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees

mold fungi

distinctly filamentous, microscopic or submicroscopic fungi that breakdown soil organic matter.

mildew

A type of fungus that affects plants or grows on inanimate objects, but does not cause human infections in the salon.

mushroom

a fleshy spore-producing growth of certain fungi

puffball

a macroscopic club fungus that bursts when mature, releasing a cloud of up to 7 trillion spores

shell/bracket fungus

yeast

unicellular fungi

soredia

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

photobiont layer

has photosynthesizing green algae

mycotoxin

a toxin produced by a fungus

aflatoxin

carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus

ergotism

poisoning produced by eating food affected by ergot, typically resulting in headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and gangrene of the fingers and toes.

penicillin

antibiotic

conidia

Asexual fungi spores of Ascomycetes

zygosporangium

thick-walled sexual structure that characterizes members of the phylum Zygomycota

zygospore

resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of a mold's life cycle

ascoma

a multicellular fruiting body of the cup fungi

ascocarp

in sac fungi, the reproductive structure in which haploid nuclei fuse to form a zygote

ascus

the reproductive structure where spores develop on sac fungi

ascospore

haploid spore produced within the ascus of ascomycetes

basidioma

a multicellular fruiting body of the club fungi

basidia

Reproductive structures that produce sexual spores

basidiospore

spore in basidiomycetes that germinates to produce haploid primary mycelia

gill fungi

any of the radiating leaflike spore-producing structures on the underside of the cap of a mushroom or similar fungus

stalk fungi

cap fungi

head

dikaryotic

Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

isomorphic

Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.

heteromorphic

Referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology.

phytoplankton

Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems

red tide

An algal bloom that occurs in salt water

bioluminescence

the production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism

zooxanthellae

a yellowish-brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates.

fucoxanthin

The yellow to golden brown photosynthetic pigment of brown algae

phycoerythrin

red pigment in red algae

phycocyanin

A blue-green phycobiliprotein found in cyanobacteria, glaucophytes, cryptomonads and red algae.

carrageenan

a sticky polysaccharide that coats the cell walls of certain species of red algae and that is used in the food industry to control the texture of many food products

agar

a gel-like polysaccharide compound used for culturing microbes; extracted from certain red algae

alginates

consist of calcium salt of alganic acid that is extracted from seaweed. highly permeable and non-occlusive. requires a secondary dressing. based on the interaction of calcium ions in the dressing and the sodium ions in the wound exudate.

alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

embryophyte

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

megagametophyte

female gametophyte

microgametophyte

the male gametophyte produced by a microspore

archegonium

female reproductive structure in some plants, including mosses and liverworts

antheridium

Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants

zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

sphagnum peat

types of mosses with excellent air- and water-holding qualities

fiddle head

new fern frond

prothallus

small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil

acrocarpous

having the reproductive organ at the end of the primary axis

pleurocarpous

in mosses, bearing the sporophyte on reduced lateral branches, correlated with lateral or creeping growth

diatoms

dinoflagellates

volvox

coenocytic alga

cyanobacteria