power and the people

Feudal System

King benefits as has all of land in England. Establishes him as most important person in country

What were serfs?

Peasants tied to land and could not leave their Lord's land and had to work without payment

What were freemen?

Peasants free to travel for work and could negotiate wages with LOrds

What was scutage?

Collection of tax instead of military service (John collected 11 times)

What was John's nickname and why?

Softsword
John had no military or political talent and always lost expensive wars to France

Who did Pope Innocent III want as ABoC?

Stephen Langton. John refused this and was excommunicated, banning all church services in England- problem for people as religion was very important to people thought they would go to hell.

How did John treat Barons poorly?

Took their money to fund wars. Punished them harshly and often created laws to force them to give him large sums of money.

Who was William de Briouze?

In 1208 he had to pay 40,000 marks to make peace with the King after a disagreement

When was the Magna Carta?

1215

Where was the Magna Carta signed?

Runnymede

What were the most important clauses of the magna Carta?

Limited power of king. Forced king to work with Barons. Gave freemen rights for the first time

What was the short term significance of the Magna Carta?

Limited power of the King and provided basic rights for freemen.
-Provided right to fair and free trial
-Ensured King would interfere with Church
-Prevented King from levying tax without consent of barons

What was the long term significance of the Magna Carta?

Inspired future reform movements and documents
-Influenced American Constitution- eg: Bill of Rights in 1791
-Used as basis for Declaration of Human Rights
-Used by Mandela and Gandhi in speeches

How old was Henry III when he became king?

9 years old

How many times was the Magna Carta re-issued in the early years of Henry' reign?

3 times

Why were the Barons angry with Henry III?

Wasted money on wars. Lost wars in 1230 and 1242 to France. Lived an extravagant lifestyle and was expensive.

When were the Provisions of Oxford?

1258

How did the Provisions of Oxford limit the King's power?

King would be forced to work with a council of Barons

When was the Battle of Lewes and who won?

May 1264- Simon de Montfort

What year did Simon invite representatives of the commons to Parliament?

1265

Why did the Barons stop supporting Simon de Montfort after 15 months of rule?

He became greedy for power

When was the Battle of Evesham?

1265.
Edwards (Henry's son) overthrew Simon de Montfort and took control back of England

What was Simon de Montfort like?

Very religious- wore a hair shirt under clothes
Well educated in legal system
Very ambitious

When was Simon de Montfort put on trial by Henry and for what?

1252 for 'high handed rule' in Gascony

What was the short term significance of Simon de Montfort?

Successfully challenged power of the King who abused his power (ruled for 15 months)
-Henry had to sign Provisions of Oxford in 1258
-Had to rule with council of Barons
-Imprisoned after Battle of Lewes in 1264 and lost power temporarily

What was the long term significance of Simon de Montfort?

De Montfort established the precedent for a a Parliament (knights were represented for the first time). Laid foundation for modern day Parliament.
-1258 invited reps of commons to Parliament for the first time
-Continued after Simon's death under Henry III and Edward II

When was the Peasant's Revolt?

1381

Who was the king during the Peasant's Revolt

Richard II- was 14 years old

What were the causes of the revolt?

-Black Death struck England in 1348 leading to death of up to half of England peasants
-Led to shortage of labour amd so peasnats demanded higher wages
-Statutes of Labourers passed in 1351 which fixed peasant wages

What were social and religious causes of the revolt?

-Radical priest John Ball had been spreading extreme ideas about how men and women were created equal in Bible
-Lots of people were discontent with the Fuedal System, in particular serfs as they were displeased with their lack of freedom

What was the Poll Tax and why was it a cause for the revolt?

Everyone paid the same rate of tax. Collected twice a year. Peasants began to refuse to pay

Who was the leader of the Peasant's Revolt?

Wat Tyler

In which two counties did the revolt begin?

Kent and Essex

What did the peasants do?

Released prisoners. Destroyed tax buildings Marched to London to confront the King and his advisors. King was taken aback by their aggression and insulted, they attacked the Tower of London. Executed Simon of Sudbury and Robert Hales and their heads were placed on spikes

Why didn't the peasants rush forward and kill the King when Wat Tyler was killed?

HE told them that their demands would be met and told them to go home. Peasants trusted him

What happened to them immediately after the revolt?

Richard II sent armies to Essex and Kent and hung the ringleaders of the revolt. At least 1500 rebels killed.

What was the short term significance of the Peasants Revolt?

Despite its failure, sent a message to the ruling classes that if power is abused, they can be challenged.
-Simon of Sudbury and Hales executed
-King Richard II recognised the Poll Tax had pushed peasants too far and was not collected in the future

What was the long term significance of the Peasants Revolt?

Serfdom abolished and some of their demands were met- power shifts slightly towards lower classes.
-Serfdom dies out by 1450
-Poll Tax not collected again in the Middle Ages

Why did Henry break from the Catholic Church?

Money, power and marriage

Who was Catherine of Aragon previously married to?

Arthur- Henry's brother

Who did Catherine give birth to and why was Henry not pleased?

Mary I, but Henry wanted a male heir to carry on the Tudor line.

What gave Henry the inspiration for the divorce?

He read a section of the Bible saying that any man who married his brother's widow would be punished by God.

Who did he want to marry instead, but why was it not allowed?

Anne Boyeln- but the Pope refused as Henry either had to stay loyal to the Catholic church or break away and make his own church.

Why was Henry in financial trouble?

He lived an extravagant lifestyle and was in constant wars against France and Spain, which were very expensive.

Why was breaking from the Catholic church good for his finances?

Churches owned a large amount of land in England and their Cathedrals were filled with gold, silver and valuable stained glass windows. If Henry broke from the Catholic Church, he could seize these riches for himself.

Who were Henry's top advisors?

Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Crammer (new ABoC). Crammer suggested that Henry should make himself Head of the new English Church.

When was the Break from Rome?

1534

What were key beliefs of Protestants?

Priests should dress simply and live normal lives (marry etc.) Church should be simple. God and Jesus are head of the church. Church windows should be clear. Bible should be in English.

What were key beliefs of Catholics?

Pope is head of the Church. Bible should be written in Latin. Focal point should be the altar. Stained glass windows are vital. Priests are the bridge between man and God. They should dress in sacred robes.

When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

October 1536- Lincoln and York

What did the monasteries do in the 16th century?

They helped the sick and poor in the north to survive by providing them with essentials.

Why did the dissolution of the monasteries cause the PofG?

Monasteries gave income to Catholics. Henry takes away support from the poor which leads them into poverty.

What also caused the PofG?

Unpopular taxes and poor harvests.

What were the religious causes of the PofG?

Demand for Catholicism, disliked the new prayer book of 1535, disliked the ABoc who advised the break from Rome.

What were economic causes of the PofG?

Taxes on birth, marriage and death; raised food prices; poor harvests in 1535/36.

What were political causes of the PofG

Anne Boylen's reputation, North of England was neglected, ABoC, difference of treatment between the North and South.

What were the rebles demands?

To go back to the old faith.

Who were the leader of the York and Lincoln uprisings and what were their names?

Robert Aske (lawyer) and John Hussey (baron)

Which nobleman was sent to deal with the rebels? and what was he advised to do?

Duke of Norfolk- negotiate with them but they captured him and write to them for a lost of demands.

What happened in the Lincoln Uprising in September 1536?

When Henry's commissioner goes to collect Church silver he is captured and forced to write the Lincoln Articles. 10,000 men gather to face the King's army by John Hussey. As they see the army approaching they flee.

When did Henry VIII die?

1547

How many rebels were there in the York Uprising (Oct 1536)?

30,000 men

What did Henry offer to the rebels if they disbanded their army?

A pardon for their deeds if they went home and a special parliament where Henry would listen to them.

What did the pilgrims sign to show their rebellion was about religion and for God?

Pilgrims Oath

What invitation was sent to Robert Aske?

Spend Christmas with Henry

What did a few radicals do in February 1536 and what was Henry's reaction

Bigod's Rebellion- Henry used this as an excuse to break his promises and punish the rebels. Robert Aske and the other leader were hung in chains in York.

What are the consequences of this?

Henry is more powerful than ever and is under an absolute monarchy.However social classes all came together to face the monarchy. Lower classes are now willing to rebel against the monarchy.

Why did the rebellion fail?

Henry/Norfolk's tactics and poor leadership by the rebels.

What was the short term significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Led to the King becoming more powerful and the establishment of absolute monarchy. Protestant reforms pushed through even faster.
-Church of England firmly established- monarch remained Head of Church
-Rebel leaders Aske and Hussey executed as well as 200 others

What was the long term significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Protests and rebellions started to show unity of social classes and more peaceful methods
-Rebels used peaceful methods e.g: marching
-Rebellion involved members of different classes e.g: nobility (baron Hussey) and lower classes (Aske)

What is a Civil War?

A war that takes place within a country.

What is divine right?

Belief that the monarchy is chosen by God.

What is arminianism?

Protestant group that favoured old Catholic ideas

When did Charles I rule?

1625-1649

When dd Oliver Cromwell rule as Lord Protector?

1653-1658

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

Parliamentarian- Purtitan MP and general in the Civil War and Lord Protector.

Who was John Pymm?

Parliamentarian- Radical Puritan MP and the leader of Parliament. Had extreme views about restricting power of the monarchy.

Who was John Hampden?

Parliamentarian- MP who refused to pay Charles' unfair tax and put on trial.

Who was John Milton?

Parliamentarian- Famous writer who strongly opposed monarchy and favoured rule by parliament.

Who was Charles I?

Royalist- King obsessed with Divine Right and had Catholic tendencies.

Who was Thomas Wentworth (Black Tom)?

Royalist- unpopular advisor, earned nickname for brutality in Ireland.

Who was William Laud?

Royalist- ABoc, hated, had Catholic and Arminain beliefs.

Who was Geroge Vickers (Duke of Buckingham)?

Royalist- favourite of Charles, incompetent politician,

Who was Henrietta Maria?

Royalist- French Catholics, very unpopular and married to Charles.

What was ship money?

A tax usually collected from coastal town during the war to fun the navy

What was 'Personal Rule'?

A period between 1629-1640 when Charles did not call Parliament.

What is a Purtian?

An extreme Protestant, who passionately opposes Catholic traditions.

What was the Grand Remonstrance?

List of demands given to Charles I by parliament and John Pym.

What were religious causes of the Civil War?

Arminain beliefs made people sacred that Charles was Catholic; Charles' belief in divine right; Charles tried to enforce Arminianism across England and an Arminian prayer book with Laud.

What were political causes of the Civil War?

Insecure, had two evil advisors (Wentworth and Laud), Personal Rule, marriage to French, too much power given to George Villiers (best friends), Charles led Eng to failed wars with France and Spain, during personal rule he brutally persecuted anyone who went against his policies in court.

What were economic causes of the Civil War?

1625-29 he fought with Parliament about finances/religion etc, unpopular taxes and ship money.

Why was Parliament to blame for the Civil War?

Pym accused Charles of trying to establish a dictatorship, in 1641 Pym wrote the Grand Remonstrance which has 204 articles criticizing the king, June 942 Pym issued the 19 propositions (could not control army, not head of church, could not raise his children)

How did the Civil War begin?

The Scottish rebelled against Charles when he tried to enforce the new prayer book. He had to call parliament for money and compromise on his beliefs. Pym made Charles execute Laud. After the Grand Remonstrance and 19 articles Charles was furious so marched into parliament to arrest Pym. He failed and the wra began.

Why did Parliament win the war (1642-1648)?

New model army was prepared and disciplined with training. Led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell was a good military general. They had better equipment and weapons.

When did Parliament rule?

1649-1653

When was Cromwell Lord Protector?

1653-1658

What was Charles put on trial for?

Tyranny and abuse of power

How many judges were there during the trial?

68

How many judges sign the death warrant?

59

What date was the execution?

30th January 1649