CHN LEC

COMMUNITY

A social group determined by geographical boundaries and/or common values and interests; members know and interact with one another and function within a particular social structure.

WHO DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY

A social group determined by geographical boundaries and/or common values and interests; members know and interact with one another and create norms, values, and social institutions.

LOCUS

A sense of place; one of the core elements of a community.

SHARING

Common interests and perspectives shared by members of a community.

JOINT ACTION

A source of cohesion and identity within a community.

SOCIAL TIES

The foundation of community.

DIVERSITY

The social complexity that exists within communities.

GEOPOLITICAL COMMUNITY

Also called a territorial community; a community defined by natural or man-made geographic boundaries.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL COMMUNITY

Also called a functional community; a relational and interactive group sharing a common perspective, identity, culture, values, or history.

URBAN COMMUNITY

A community with a small physical area, high population density, mostly non-agricultural occupations, and many buildings.

RURBAN COMMUNITY

A combination of rural and urban characteristics.

RURAL COMMUNITY

A community where occupations commonly include farming, fishing, and food gathering.

components of community

People, health, wellness

PEOPLE

A core component of the community; the people make up the community.

HEALTH

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

WELLNESS

An integrated method of functioning oriented toward maximizing the potential of which an individual is capable.

PHYSICAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Includes genetic makeup, age, developmental level, race, and sex.

EMOTIONAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Includes a person's feelings, affect, and ability to express emotions.

INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Includes cognitive abilities, educational background, past experiences, and a positive sense of purpose.

SPIRITUAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Includes recognition and ability to practice moral and religious principles and beliefs.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Includes family and friend support, practices, values, and beliefs that influence health.

SEXUAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Acceptance and ability to achieve satisfactory expression of one's sexuality.

PUBLIC HEALTH

The science and art of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities.

OLOF

Optimum Level of Functioning.

EIGHT COMMUNITY SUBSYSTEMS

Education; Fire and Safety; Politics and Government; Housing; Health; Communication; Economics; Recreation.

EDUCATION SUBSYSTEM

Includes educational laws, regulations, facilities, distribution of facilities, and informal education.

FIRE AND SAFETY SUBSYSTEM

Includes availability and accessibility of fire protection, safety services, and facilities.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT SUBSYSTEM

Includes political structure, decision-making, leadership styles, ordinances, and political projects.

HOUSING SUBSYSTEM

Includes type and characteristics of housing, availability, laws, and regulations.

HEALTH SUBSYSTEM

Includes health facilities, services, accessibility, provider-client ratios, schedules, and organizational structure.

COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM

Includes systems, types, and forms of communication and their influence on community health.

ECONOMICS SUBSYSTEM

Includes occupations and economic activities of community members.

RECREATION SUBSYSTEM

Includes recreational activities, facilities, consumers, and appropriateness of facilities.

DEVELOPMENT

Progressive improvement in living conditions and quality of life.

QUALITY OF LIFE

The improvement of social, health, and educational status and the economic and political participation of people.

HEALTH-DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP

Better health leads to more productive people, increased production, more goods and services, and better quality of life.

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING (CHN)

A specialized field of nursing practice anchored in nursing theories and concepts from public health.

SIX SALIENT FEATURES OF CHN

Field of nursing; synthesizes public health nursing; population-oriented; emphasizes health; interdisciplinary collaboration; promotes client participation.

POPULATION-FOCUSED

The hallmark of Community Health Nursing; focuses on populations or aggregates rather than only individuals.

FOUR LEVELS OF CHN CLIENTELE

Individuals, families, population groups, and communities.

PURPOSE OF IDENTIFYING FOUR LEVELS OF CLIENTELE

To ensure care is comprehensive and integrated.

CHN AND PUBLIC HEALTH

CHN combines nursing and public health knowledge and practice to promote and protect community health.

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

Professional nursing practice in public health that applies nursing, interpersonal, analytical, technical, and organizational skills to community health problems.

WHO DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

A field combining nursing, public health, and social assistance to promote health, improve social and physical environments, rehabilitate, and prevent illness and disability.

APHA DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

The practice of promoting and protecting population health using nursing, social, and public health sciences.

DOH DEFINITION OF CHN

A unique blend of nursing and public health practice that, when properly developed and applied, has a tremendous impact on human well-being.

MAJOR SOURCES OF CHN

Public health and nursing.

HALLMARK OF CHN

Population or aggregate-focused practice.

GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER

A major principle of CHN that prioritizes interventions benefiting the largest number of people.

FAMILY AS UNIT OF CARE

A major CHN principle; the family is treated as a unit when assessing and addressing health needs.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

CHN works with professionals and sectors from different disciplines to address health problems.

INCREASING CLIENT CAPABILITY

CHN aims to increase the ability of clients to manage and improve their own health.

CHN PRIORITY

Health promotion and disease prevention are prioritized over curative interventions.

BRO. JUAN CLEMENTE

Started public health service through a dispensary in Intramuros in 1577.

SPANISH REGIME

1591–1898; introduced smallpox vaccination, health officers, and water sanitation.

1591–1898

Spanish Regime in the Philippines.

SMALLPOX VACCINE

Introduced during the Spanish Regime.

MEDICAL TITULARES

District, provincial, and national health officers created during the Spanish Regime.

AMERICAN REGIME

1898–1942; period of major organizational development of public health services.

1898

Creation of the Board of Health for Physicians.

1899

Appointment of the first Commissioner of Health.

1901

Act No. 157 created the Board of Health for the City of Manila.

ACT NO. 157

Created the Board of Health for the City of Manila in 1901.

ACT NO. 309

Created Municipal and Provincial Boards of Health.

1905

Act No. 1407 reorganized the health system and abolished the Board of Health.

ACT NO. 1407

Reorganization Act; abolished the Board of Health and transferred functions to the Bureau of Health under the Department of Interior.

1906

Creation of the Bureau of Health.

BUREAU OF HEALTH

Created in 1906; later became the Philippine Health Service.

1912

Fajardo Act/Act No. 2156 created Sanitary Divisions and marked the official beginning of public health nursing in the Philippines.

FAJARDO ACT

Act No. 2156; created Sanitary Divisions in 1912.

BEGINNING OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

1912, when the Bureau of Health employed four graduates from the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing.

FOUR PGH GRADUATE NURSES

The first four graduates employed by the Bureau of Health in 1912, marking the beginning of public health nursing.

1915

The Bureau of Health was renamed the Philippine Health Service.

PERLITA CLARK

Took charge of public health nursing from 1916–1918.

1917

Four graduate nurses were employed by the City of Manila to work in city schools.

1918

Office of public health nursing under Perlita Clark was abolished because of lack of funds.

1919

Public Health Nursing began pioneer work in Tondo, Manila.

BALBINA BASA

Conducted house-to-house visits, clinics, dispensary work, and maternal-child care in Tondo in 1919.

CARMEN DEL ROSARIO

First Filipino nurse supervisor under the Bureau of Health.

1923

90 public health nurses were assigned to different provinces; two government Schools of Nursing were established.

1923 NURSING SCHOOLS

Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing and Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing.

1928

First Convention of Nurses was held.

1930

Section of Public Health Nursing became the Section of Nursing.

1933

Division of Maternal and Child Health was transferred to the Bureau of Health.

1940

Department of Health and Welfare was created.

JAPANESE REGIME

1942–1945; public health nursing services were interrupted during World War II.

1942–1945

Japanese occupation period in the Philippines.

WORLD WAR II EFFECT ON PHN

Services were interrupted; many public health nurses joined guerillas or hid in the mountains.

12 EMERGENCY UNITS

Organized during the Japanese occupation to care for sick and wounded civilians.

BAataan EMERGENCY UNIT

One of the emergency units was sent to Bataan during World War II.

68 PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES

Helped care for sick prisoners of war at San Lazaro Hospital.

31 NURSES

Were taken as prisoners of war during the Japanese occupation.

1945

Public health nurses were recalled to the Bureau of Health Services.

1946

The Bureau of Health increased its number of public health nurses.

GENARA DE GUZMAN

Recommended creating a Nursing Office in the Ministry of Health.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 94

1947 order that renamed the department as the Department of Health.

1953

Office of Health Education and Personnel Training was created.

1954

Republic Act No. 1082, the Rural Health Unit Act, provided employment of health personnel including nurses in Rural Health Units.

RA 1082

Rural Health Unit Act of 1954.

1957

Republic Act No. 1891 created eight categories of Rural Health Units according to population served.