Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells

25 flashcards covering essential vocabulary from the study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell anatomy in microbiology.

Prokaryotes

Cells that are structurally simpler and smaller, lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes.

Nucleoid

The region in a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located.

Peptidoglycan

A complex polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of bacteria.

Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a cell divides into two identical cells.

Capsule

A well-organized, firmly attached glycocalyx that provides protection to bacteria.

Slime Layer

An unorganized, loosely attached glycocalyx that helps in adherence to surfaces.

Flagella

Whip-like structures that enable bacterial motility.

Fimbriae

Hairlike appendages that allow for adherence to surfaces and biofilm formation.

Pili

Longer than fimbriae, involved in motility and the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells.

Gram Staining

A method that distinguishes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on cell wall structure.

Plasma Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier enclosing the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

Endospore

A highly durable, resistant form of a bacterial cell, allowing survival in harsh conditions.

Chromosomal Proteins

Proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA, including histones that help package DNA.

Nuclear Membrane

A barrier that separates the cell nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.

Mitosis

A type of cell division in eukaryotes resulting in two identical nuclei.

Streptococci

Bacteria that remain attached in chain-like patterns after division.

Staphylococci

Bacteria that form clusters or sheets due to multiple planes of division.

Coccobacilli

Bacilli that are oval in shape and resemble cocci.

Vibrio

Curved rod-shaped bacteria.

Spirilla

Helical-shaped bacteria with a rigid body.

Spirochetes

Flexible helical bacteria that move via axial filaments.

Plasmids

Small, circular pieces of DNA in bacteria that can confer advantageous traits.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs, found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Glycocalyx

A sugar coating on bacterial surfaces, important for protection and adhesion.

Cell Wall

A rigid layer surrounding the plasma membrane in prokaryotes providing shape and protection.