Fundamentals of Radiologic Sciences Test Review #1

Be able to list Radiation Monitoring Devices and their advantages and disadvantages

Who discovered X-Rays?

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

When was X Rays discovered

November 8th, 1895

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

What are the 3 principles of ALARA

TIME

DISTANCE

SHIELDING

Is Time long or short?

SHORT

Is Distance short or far?

FAR

Should you hold a patient?

NO

Where were X Rays discovered

Germany

Who discovered the Photoelectric Effect?

Albert Einstein

What is the photoelectric effect?

X ray photon ejects an inner shell electron and the photons energy is totally absorbed

Who discovered the Compton Scattering effect?

Arthur Compton

Who developed Fluoroscopy?

Thomas Edison

Who was Thomas Edison’s lab assistant and what was significant about him?

Clarence Dally; Recorded as the first irradiation death

What is the difference between Fluoroscopy and Diagnostic imaging?

Fluoro has a higher radiation dose usage than Diagnostic Imaging

Uses an image intensifier rather than a bucky

Who is Henri Becquerel

He discovered uranium in 1896

Invented the SI unit for radioactivity as Bq

What is the SI unit for radioactivity

Bq

What is Ionization?

Gain or loss of an electron

Who is Marie Curie?

She discovered radium and polonium in 1898

Developed the unit for radioactive decay is Ci

What is the SI unit for radioactive decay?

Ci

What does JRCERT stand for?

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

What is the purpose of JRCERT?

Accredits educational radiographic programs

What does ARRT stand for?

American Registry of Radiologic Technology

What is the ARRT responsible for?

1. National certification and registration for registered techs

2. Puts RT(R) after your name

3. Upholds code of ethics

What does RT(R) stand for?

Registered Technologist in Radiography

What does JCAHO stand for?

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

What is JCAHO purpose?

Accredits hospital organizations

What does ASRT stand for?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

What is ASRT purpose?

National professional association for radiologic sciences

• Professional Curriculum

• Practice Standards

• Position Statements

• Professional development and advancement

What does ACR stand for?

American College of Radiology

What’s important to know about the ACR?

Appoints board members for JRCERT and ARRT

What does FSRT stand for?

Florida Society of Radiologic Technologists

What is Florida state’s society called?

FSRT

What does FDOH stand for

Florida’s Department of Health

What is the purpose of FDOH

Renews State License

What do you need to have for a state licensure?

• A.S. degree in Rad

• Transcript of Diploma

• ARRT card

• Driver’s license

How should a radiation monitor be worn?

Hooked/Clipped to the collar

What are the requirements to graduate?

• 1. Must maintain a minimum 85% average per course and complete all required courses in the Program.

• 2. Must maintain a 2.5 GPA in each required course at DSC and complete all coursework during the 24 months of the Program.

• 3. Must pass the six-month and one year test with an 85% or above. Failure of either test will result in dismissal.

• 4. Must make up all missed clinical time and classroom assignments.

• 5. Must successfully pass comprehensive final exam with an 80% or above.

• 6. Must successfully pass review exams with a 75% or above average score.

• 7. Must turn in radiation monitoring device to Program Office.

• 8. Must complete and return Exit Interview Survey. 9. Must hold AS degree or higher to be eligible to sit for the ARRT exam.

Who provides our curriculum?

ASRT

Corrective Action Sequence

1. Verbal Warning

2. Written Warning

3. Probation/suspension

4. Dismissal

Where would you place the shield in a fluoroscopy exam?

Underneath/behind the patient

Are X Rays manmade or naturally occuring?

MANMADE

Is Uranium naturally occurring radiation

YES

How many questions are on the boards exam?

230

Where can you find the content breakdown of the exam?

ARRT.org

How often do you have to renew your ARRT license?

Annually

How many CE points is required and how often?

24 CE points every 2 years

How often do you have to renew your state license?

Every 2 years

How many CE points do you need for your state license renewal?

12pts

Occupational Dose Limit of whole body

5 rem/yr (50 mSv/yr)

Nonoccupational Dose Limit Whole body Continous

0.1 rem/yr (1 mSv/yr)

Embryo-Fetal/Pregnant Workers

In a 9 month period- 0.5 rem (5 mSv)

In any given period- 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv)

Due Process

1. Oral Warning

2. Written Warning

3. Probation/suspension

4. Dismissal

Does Brems and Characteristic occur in the tube or body

Tube

Does Photoelectric Effect and Compton Scatter effect occur in the tube or body

Body

What is Brems Radiation

Incoming electron decelerates, loses parts of its energy, and continues off in a different direction. BOOMERANG

Does Brems have a discrete or broad range of energy

BROAD

Characteristic radiation

inner shell electron is ejected, electrons CASCADE down to fill empty spaces; results in an XRAY due to loss of energy

Does Characteristics have a discrete or broad range of energy

DISCRETE

What does Characteristics overcome?

k shell binding energy of 69

What is the formula 2n² used for

Used to calculate the maximum amt of electrons in each shell

What is a Radiograph?

Image on a monitor

Projection

Path of the Central Ray

View

What is seen on the image receptor

Position

Overall Posture of the pt

Kinetic Energy

Energy in motion

Potential Energy

Stored Energy

Atomic Number

Number of Protons

What is Atomic number also called

Z#

Atomic Mass

Number of protons and neutrons

What is Atomic mass also called

A# and Nucleons

What is a Stable Element?

Protons = Electrons

What is an Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses

MATTER

Anything that occupies space and has a shape or form

Energy

Ability to do work

What is the dual nature of X Ray

Acts as a photon and a sine wave

X RAY energy, wavelength, and frequency

HIGH; SHORT; SHORT

X RAY angstrom

0.1 - 0.5 angstroms

What is a photon

Also known as an X Ray

Discrete bundle of energy

Ionization

gain or loss of an electron

Gain of electron?

more negative

Loss of electron?

Less negative or more positive

Electromagnetic Spectrum (LEAST to MOST)

Radio

Microwave

Infrared

Visible Light

Ultraviolet

X Ray

Gamma

X Ray Production Steps

1. Source of Electrons (Thermionic emission)

2. Focusing of electrons (use of focusing cup)

3. Potential Difference

4. Method of stopping- Target

Thermionic Emission

Boiling off of electrons at the cathode

Potential Difference

deficiency on one side and abundancy on the other side

What is the percent difference between X Ray and Thermal energy

Thermal: 99%

Xray: 1%

You have a 24 yod female pt coming for a chest x ray. What is an important question to ask them?

Is there any chance you may be pregnant?

If the 24 yod pt says they are NOT pregnant, what is your next step?

Document and Shield

Age range to ask if a pt is pregnant

12-50(55)

Age range to ask if the pt started their period

(10)12-15

A 13 yod female pt comes in for an abdomen x ray. What is an important question to ask them?

Have you started your period yet?

If the pt has started their period, what do you ask?

When was your first day of your last period?

If the pt has not started their period, what do you do?

Document and shield

The 13 yod pt answered no to the pregnant question however they seemed hesitant because their parent was in the room. What should you do?

Ask the parent to step outside of the room and then ask the question again.

When are you least likely to be pregnant?

start of your period to 10 days after your period

If pt maybe or are pregnant, what do you do?

1. Stop exam

2. Inform MD to order a pregnancy test

3. Let MD and pt decide whether they want to continue or stop exam

4. Continue exam

5. SHIELD

6. DOCUEMENT EVERYTHING

2 methods to ID pt

Name and DOB

Gonadal shielding

• shadow (used in sterile fields)

• flat contact

• moveable

• shaped

• lens

• breast

Different types of shielding

thyroid

lead aprons

gloves

eyewear

gonadal

lap