interwar years

Fascism

Political movement based on nationalism that gives power to a dictator and takes away individual rights

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy

Adolf Hitler

Fascist leader of Germany

Nazism

German brand of fascism

Mein Kampf

Book by Hitler outlining his beliefs and goals for Germany

Lebensraum

living space

Appeasement

Giving in to an aggressor to keep peace

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Fransisco Franco

Spain's Fascist dictator

Isolationism

the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided

Third Reich

German empire

Munich Conference

Meeting of world powers in 1938 that allowed Hitler to take part of Czechoslovakia

Albert Einstein

Scientist who developed the theory of relativity

Theory of relativity

Idea that as moving objects approach the speed of light, space and time become relative

Sigmund Freud

Physician who exposed the workings of the unconscious mind

Existentialism

Philosophy that says each person must make meaning in a world that has no universal meaning

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who dismissed reason, democracy, and progress as empty ideas

Surrealism

Art movement in which a dreamlike world, outside of reality, is portrayed or evoked

Jazz

Lively, loose form of popular music developed in the United States

Charles Lindbergh

First person to fly alone across the Atlantic

Coalition government

Temporary alliance of several political parties

Weimar Republic

Government of Germany after World War I

Great Depression

Severe economic downturn that followed the collapse of the U.S. stock market in 1929

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

New Deal

Roosevelt's program for creating jobs and improving the American economy

proletariat

working class

Bolsheviks

Group of revolutionaries led by Lenin

Vladmir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks and first ruler of the Soviet Union

Rasputin

Eccentric monk assassinated because of his corrupt influence on the Russian royal family

provisional government

Temporary government led by Alexander Kerensky

soviet

Local governing council consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers

Communist Party

A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I Lenin originally the Russian Bolshevik

Joseph Stalin

Revolutionary leader who took control of the Communist Party after Lenin

totalitarianism

Government that has total control over people's lives

Great Purge

Arrest, exile, or killing of thousands of suspected enemies of the Communist Party

command economy

economy in which the central government makes all basic economic decisions

Five-Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

collective farm

Large, government-owned farm

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

indoctrination

Teaching someone to accept an idea or principle without question

censorship

restriction on access to ideas and information

propaganda

biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs or actions

New Economic Policy (NEP)

initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover.

Communism

a political and economic system of organization in which property is owned by the community and all citizens share in the common wealth according to their need.

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Duma

Russia's first parliament

Red Army

Bolshevik army led by Leon Trotsky

White Army

Anti-Bolshevik army in the Russian Civil War

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

Leader of the Nationalist forces in China

Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)

The first great leader of the Kuomintang. In 1911, he overthrew the Qing Dyansty. He became president of China and tried to make it a democracy. While communist party was formed, he and his party formed a government in south China

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.