Comps. Exam- Chap 1 (anatomy)

anatomy/phys

Components of the larynx?

epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal ring

Largest muscle of the larynx?

thyroid

Purpose of the thyroid cartilage?

protects the layrnx

Two horns of the the thyroid that opens posteriorly?

cornu

small, pyramid-shaped cartilages that connect to the superior posterior cricoid?

arytneoids

small, cone-shaped cartilages that sit on top of the arytenoids?

corniculates

superior cornua?

extends upward to meet the hyoid bone

inferior cornua?

extends downward to meet the cricoid cartilage

cuneiform cartilages?

located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds

many laryngeal intrinsic muscles connect at the arytenoids to form two processes, those being?

the vocal process, where the VFs are attached to the arytenoids, and the muscular process, where muscles meet to make the VFs adduct and abduct

hyoid bone?

larynx is suspended from this; forms a u-shape and floats under the mandible.

what is attached to the hyoid bone?

muscles of the tongue, various muscles of the mandible, skull, and larynx

biological functions of the larynx?

closure of the trachea so that food does not enter the lungs, production of the cough reflex, and closure of the VF to build subglottic pressure

the primary muscle of inspiration?

diaphragm

intercostal muscles?

the muscles between the ribs. includes 11 paired internal intercostals that pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

sternum AKA the breastbone, consists of?

the manubrium (uppermost segment), corpus (long and narrow throughout the sternum), and the xiphoid process (small cartilaginous structures at the bottom of the sternum)

sternocleidomastoid?

elevates the sternum and, indirectly, the ribcage

trapezius (respiration)?

controls the head elongates the neck, therefore indirectly affecting respiration

scalenes (respiration)?

stabilizes and rotates the head

external intercostals?

raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation. provide a large amount of the total respiratory capacity, making them crucial for speech breathing

intrinsic muscles include…

thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid.

primary role of intrinsic muscles?

controlling sound production

primary role of the extrinsic muscles?

support the larynx and fix its position

extrinsic muscles?

the elevators (suprahyoid muscles) and the depressors (infrahyoid muscles). all muscles attach at the hyoid bone and raise or lower the larynx

what cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles?

trigeminal, facial, vagus, hypoglossal, and portions of the spinal nerves.

layers of the vocal folds?

outer layer: epithelium, middler layer: lamina propria (includes superficial, intermediate, and deep), and the third layer: vocalic muscles

abduction means…?

VFs move away from the midline; when quietly breathing, VFs are in this position

adduction means..?

VFs move toward the midline

aryepiglottic folds?

separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and preserve the airway.

ventricular folds?

FALSE folds! compress during activities, such as coughing and lifting heavy items

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?

states that VF vibrate due to forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VF

bernoulli effect?

occurs when the velocity of a gas or fluid increases when it passes through a constriction, decreasing the pressure of the gas/fluid.

mucosal wave action?

the cover and transition of the vocalis muscles slide together to produce a wave. vital for phonation. when nodules or abnormal growth are removed from the VFs, this can disrupt the movement

reinke’s space?

epithelium and superfical lamina propria

primary cortical areas, involved in speech-motor control?

area 4 (primary motor cortex), area 44 (broca’s area), area 3/1/2 (somatosensory cortex), and area 6 (supplementary motor cortex)

key function of cerebellum in speech?

regulate movement, therefore, to allow coordination of the laryngeal muscles to produce phonation

superior laryngeal nerve?

internal branches receive all sensory info from the larynx and the external branches supply motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle

recurrent laryngeal nerve?

receives all sensory info below the vocal folds

pharynx?

part of the upper airway, extending from the nasal cavity to the VFs

the pharynx is divided into what three cavities?

laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx

pharyngeal plexus?

formed by the joining of cranial nerves X and XI; supplies the upper pharyngeal musculature

source-filter theory?

depicts the vocal tract as a series of linked tubes: the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the nasal cavity. states that energy from the vibrating vocal folds (the source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (the filter)

most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by…

the vagus nerve (CN X) and the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

soft palate (velum) is lowered when…

non-speech takes place, such as breathing

soft palate (velum) is raised when…

speaking to decrease nasal resonance during speech (velopharyngeal closure)

muscles of the soft palate?

musculus uvulae, levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles.

major structures of the oral cavity?

teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, tonsils, and the tongue

symphysis?

point where two large bones of the mandible join at a midpoint in the chin; considered one bone in adults

major areas of the tongue?

oral portion, dorsum, blade, tip, inferior surface, root, and pharyngeal portion

mandible?

bottom jaw, houses the lower teeth and forms the lower mouth. primary role is to open and close the mouth and chew food

deciduous teeth?

temporary teeth from childhood (usually consists of 20 teeth)

occlusion?

the way two dental arches come together

malocclusion?

deviations in the positioning of individual teeth in relation to shape or upper/lower arches

extrinsic v intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

ex- gross motor, in- fine motor

genioglossus muscle?

forms the bulk of the tongue and allows for free movement

obicularis oris?

primary muscle of the lips

buccinator muscle?

large flat muscle whose inner surface is covered with mucous membrane

peripheral and autonomic nervous systems?

include information about the cranial nerves. collection of nerves that are OUTSIDE the skull and spinal column. carry sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to the glands/muscles of the body

central nervous system includes…

brainstem, reticular activating system, diencephalon, basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebrum, pyramidal systems, extrapyramidal systems, connecting fibers to the brain, cerebral ventricles, protective layers of the brain, and cerebral blood supply

main purpose of the CNS?

acts as a motor command center that coordinates activity, integrates information, and issues commands. plans, organizes, and carries transmission of messages

afferent neurons?

ARRIVE! carries signals/impulses to the brain. also known as sensory neurons

efferent neurons?

EXIT! carries impulses away from the brain. also known as motor neurons

types of neurons?

unipolar, bipolar, purkinje cells (cerebellum), and spinal motor

glial cells?

support and protect the nerve cells. includes astrocytes, oligodendroglia, ependymal cells, and microglia.

glial cells of the PNS?

schwann cells and satellite cells

dendrites?

short fibers that extend from the cell body. receives neural impulses generated from axons of other cells and transmits those signal to the cell body.

myelin?

white, insulate sheath on an axon, that breaks at the junction between the cells to facilitate the impulse transfer.

three basic types of neurons?

motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons.

cranial nerves connect to what part of the CNS?

spinal cord

spinal nerves connect to what part of the CNS?

brain

autonomic NS consists of…

sympathetic branch and parasympathetic branch

cranial nerve I?

olfactory, responsible for smell. sensory

cranial nerve II?

optic, responsible for vision. sensory

cranial nerve III?

oculomotor, responsible for eye movement. motor

cranial nerve IV?

trochlear. eye movement, motor

cranial nerve VI?

abducens, responsible for eye movement. motor

cranial nerve V?

trigeminal, responsible for face (sensory) and jaw (motor)

sensory fibers in CN V consist of…?

ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

unilateral damage to CN V will cause…?

the jaw to deviate to the affected side when closed; may result in the inability to chew and close the mouth

cranial nerve VII?

facial, responsible for tongue (sensory) and face (motor)

cranial nerve VIII?

vestibulocochlear, resposible for hearing and balance (sensory)

damage to CN VIII will cause?

issues with hearing and balance

cranial nerve IX?

glossopharyngeal, responsible for tongue and pharynx (sensory) and pharynx only (motor). allows for taste in the back portion of the tongue and provides sensation for the tympanic cavity, ear canal, eustachian tube, tonsils, soft palate, and pharynx

damage to CN IX may result in what?

difficulty swallowing, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste and sensation from the back of the tongue

cranial nerve X?

vagus, responsible for larynx, respiratory, cardiac, and gastrointestinal systems (sensory and motor)

cranial nerve XI?

spinal accessory, responsible for shoulder, arm, and throat movements (motor)

cranial nerve XII?

hypoglossal, responsible mostly for tongue movement (motor)

cranial nerve mnemonic?

on old olympus towering top, a finn and german viewed some hops

foramina?

holes within the base of the skull where the cranial nerves exit

which cranial nerves are majorly involved with speech/language?

CN V, VII, XII

role of sensory fibers?

transmits information from the digestive system, heart, trachea and bronchi, lower pharynx, larynx, and the epiglottis. relays pain, touch, temperature sense from skin of TM and ear canal

damage to CN X can result in?

difficulty swallowing, paralysis or the velum (causing nasality), and voice problems (breathiness, hoarse, roughness)

damage to CN XI can result in?

weakness in the neck, paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, inability to turn your head, inability to shrug shoulders.

damage to CN XII results in?

tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, and swallowing problems

responsibility of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

regulates the internal environment of our bodies through the sympathetic and the parasympathetic.

sympathetic NS does what?

mobilizes the body during “fight or flight” by raising heartbeat, dilating pupils, increasing blood flow

parasympathetic NS does what?

brings the body back to the state of relaxation after excitation by lowering heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

brainstem?

oldest part of the brain and connects to the spinal cord through the diencephalon. Serves as a bridge between the cerebellum and all other CNS structures. Many CN originate from this region

midbrain?

also called the mesencephalon, a narrow structure that lies superior to the pons and inferior to the diencephalon

role of the midbrain?

controls many motor and and sensory functions, such as postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movement, and coordination of vestibular-generated eye/head movements. includes CN IV and CN III