12. Mineral metabolism disorders (Ca, P). Rickets. Osteoporosis

What are the functions of calcium?

Calcification of teeth and bones, muscle excitation, nerve excitation, blood coagulation, and acts as a secondary messenger.

What are the functions of phosphorus?

DNA, ATP, acid-buffer system, calcification of teeth and bones.

What is the normal range for calcium levels?

2.12-2.62 mmol/L, ionised = 1.06-1.31 mmol/L.

What is the relationship between calcium and phosphate levels in the blood?

When calcium decreases, phosphate increases, and when phosphate decreases, calcium increases.

What is the role of magnesium in calcium and phosphate metabolism?

Magnesium is a cofactor in almost all processes of calcium/phosphate metabolism.

What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do to calcium levels?

Increases Ca2+ from bone resorption and absorption from the intestine.

What does Calcitonin do to calcium levels?

Decreases Ca2+ by reducing reabsorption from renal tubules.

What is hypocalcaemia?

Decreased blood calcium levels.

What are the etiologies of hypocalcaemia?

Hypoparathyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency, renal and hepatic diseases (cannot make Vitamin D), hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia.

What are the acute symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

Remember CATS
convulsions
arrythmia
tetany
spams/stridor
overexcitation of muscles

What are the chronic effects of hypocalcaemia?

Changes in bone composition, osteomalacia (rickets), and osteoporosis.

What is osteomalacia (rickets)?

Softening and weakening of bones due to decreased mineralization bone mineralization decreased, bone mass normal, bone is softer and more malleable.

What is osteoporosis?

Decreased bone density due to decreased calcium, leading to increased PTH and osteoclast production bone mineralization normal, bone mass decreased, bone is porous and less dense.

What are the types of osteoporosis?

Primary osteoporosis (senile, postmenopausal, low estrogen) and secondary osteoporosis (caused by endocrine diseases, diabetes mellitus, or immobilization).

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

Alcohol, corticosteroid use, low estrogen, and smoking.

What are the etiologies of hypercalcaemia?

Remember chimpaneeze
Calcium supplements
Hyperparathyroidism
Iatrogenic
Multiple myeloma
Parathyroidhyperplasia
Alcohol
Neoplasm
Zollinger-Ellison
Excessive vit A
Excessive vit D
Sarcoidosis