Romantic Period Review Guide

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31 Terms

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 Romantic Period Dates

(1820-1900)

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Romantic Period General History

End of Slavery in Europe & America Development of Communism Nationalism / Imperialism Era of the Wild West American Civil War Buildup to World War I Industrial Revolution


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Romantic Period Musical Trends

 End of Slavery in Europe & America Development of Communism Nationalism / Imperialism Era of the Wild West American Civil War Buildup to World War I Industrial Revolution

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Romantic Period Musical Trends

Individuality of Style • Expressive Aims & Subjects • Nationalism & Exoticism • Program Music • Expressive Tone Color • Colorful Harmony & Chromaticism • Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, & Tempo • Miniature & Monumental Forms

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Franz Schubert

Austrian Composer / Born & Lived in Vienna • Neither a virtuoso performer or conductor - Made a musical living entirely from composing. • Died at the young age of 31; typhoid fever or syphilis.

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Franz Schubert MUSIC

 Composed more than 600 songs. Also wrote symphonies, string quartets, chamber music, piano pieces, masses, and operas. • Variety of moods. • Imaginative harmonies & dissonances. • Erlkonig (1815), Ave Maria (1825)

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Frédéric Chopin

  Grew up in Poland / Graduated from Warsaw Conservatory • Age 21 - Moved to Paris; center of romanticism & artistic capital of Europe. • Shy, frail & reserved demeanor. • Made a living teaching piano. • Love affair with Aurore Dudevant, novelist known by the pen name George Sand. • Age 39 - Died of tuberculosis

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Frédéric Chopin music

Wrote almost exclusively for piano; short pieces intended for salon concerts. • Nocturnes, Preludes, & Waltzes • Personal & Unique Style: elegant, graceful, & melodic

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Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

 Russian Composer • Started as a government clerk; began to study music at age 21. • Graduated St. Petersburg Conservatory; became professor of harmony at Moscow Conservatory • Married in 1877 (to conceal his homosexuality)…2 weeks later attempted suicide and had a nervous breakdown (separated from his wife and never saw her again). • Also, in 1877 acquired a wealthy benefactress. • Achieved success as a composer and conductor of his own works. 

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Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky MUSIC

Style influenced by Russian folk song, as well as French, Italian, and German music. • Fused national and international styles to produce passionate music. • Symphonies, concertos, program music, ballets, operas

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Hector Berlioz

 French Composer / Studied at the Paris Conservatory • Also 2 years of study in Rome. • Became a music critic & great orchestra conductor. • Married briefly to Shakespearean actress, Harriet Smithson


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Hector Berlioz MUSIC

Creator of new orchestral sounds; often used hundreds of musicians to create new power, tone colors, & timbres. • Abrupt contrasts, fluctuating dynamics, many tempo changes, & long often irregular melodies. • All works are dramatic & programmatic. • Composed mostly for orchestra or orchestra with chorus & vocal soloists. 


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Antonin Dvorak

 Leading Composer of Czech Music / Studied in Prague • Earned a meager living for years playing violin in an opera orchestra. • Brahms took notice of his compositions & referred him to his publisher; his fame then spread rapidly. • Spent 3 years in New York 1892-1895; served as director of the National Conservatory of Music. • Encouraged American composers to write nationalistic music. 

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Antonin Dvorak music

 Infused his symphonies & chamber music with the spirit of Bohemian folk song & dance.

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Giacomo Puccini

Italian Composer / From a family of composers & church organists. • Studied at Milan Conservatory. • Became wealthy & world famous from his opera La Boheme


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Giacomo Puccini MUSIC

 Operas contain a great sense of theater; wrote with minimal difference between aria & recitative. • Short, memorable, & emotional melodies. • Used the orchestra to reinforce vocal melody & suggest mood. • Reflected Romantic artistic trends: verismo - realism or the quality of being true to life. (Tosca) exoticism -use of melodies, rhythms & instruments that suggest foreign lands. (Madame Butterfly - Japan and Turandot - China)

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Richard Wagner

 German Opera Composer, Conductor, Essayist, & Theorist • Influenced by Beethoven. • Accumulated enormous debts that he never repaid. • Opera house built in Bayreuth, Germany for the performances of his music dramas

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Richard Wagner Music

• Wrote his own librettos, based on medieval Germanic legends. • He referred to his operas as music dramas. • Unending Melody - continuous musical flow; no breaks for the interruption of applause. • Treated orchestra symphonically; sometimes overpowering the voices! • Dissonant & chromatic harmonies.

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art song

Composition for solo voice & piano. • Balance of poetry & music; composers interpret poems, translating mood, atmosphere & imagery into music.

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lied

 German texted vocal song with piano; plural Lieder

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 strophic form

Repeating the same music for each stanza of a poem. through-composed form - New music for each stanza

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nocturne

night piece; slow, lyrical composition for piano.

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etude

a study piece designed to help a performer master specific technical difficulties.

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absolute music

  instrumental music having NO intended association with a story, poem, idea or scene.

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program music

 Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene. 

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 idee fixe

 single melody used in several movements of a long work to represent a recurring idea.

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syncopations & pentatonic

 5 note scales.

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verismo

 realism or the quality of being true to life.

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exoticism

use of melodies, rhythms & instruments that suggest foreign lands.

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 music drama

opera

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leitmotif

leading motive; short musical idea associated with a person, object, or thought in the drama.