Chapter 16: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the autonomic nervous system and higher-order brain functions, providing an overview of their structure, function, and physiological significance.

What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system provides voluntary control of skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system provides involuntary control of visceral effectors.

What two key neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

Preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons.

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Preparing the body for emergencies, known as the 'fight or flight' response.

What are the effects of sympathetic activation?

Heightened mental alertness, increased metabolic rate, reduced digestive and urinary functions, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and pupil dilation.

What neurotransmitter is released at synapses by sympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Acetylcholine (ACh).

What neurotransmitter is released at synapses by sympathetic postganglionic fibers?

Norepinephrine.

What do alpha and beta receptors do in the sympathetic nervous system?

Alpha receptors generally cause vasoconstriction, while beta receptors cause vasodilation in heart and skeletal muscle blood vessels.

What is the role of the parasympathetic division?

Conserving energy and maintaining resting metabolic rate, known as the 'rest and digest' division.

What neurotransmitter is primarily used in the parasympathetic division?

Acetylcholine (ACh).

What are the characteristics of higher-order functions in the brain?

They require the cerebral cortex, involve conscious and unconscious information processing, and adjust over time.

What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory?

Short-term memory can be recalled immediately but fades quickly, while long-term memory is more stable and can last over time.

What brain structures are critical for memory consolidation?

The amygdaloid body and hippocampus.

How does sleep affect the central nervous system?

Sleep increases protein synthesis in neurons and changes mental function, with prolonged sleep deprivation leading to memory loss and irritability.

What is the function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

Maintaining consciousness and arousal by projecting to the thalamus and influencing the cerebral cortex.

What happens when the RAS is inactive?

The cerebral cortex also becomes inactive.