sociology final (7-13)

The medical model of mental illness assumes all of the following EXCEPT that

mental illness is influenced by social factors.

The sociological model of mental illness assumes that

behavior becomes labeled as mental illness when powerful persons consider it both unacceptable and incomprehensible.

Which of the following would be in line with the findings of the Rosenhan study?

Virtually any behavior can be seen as a symptom of mental illness in a mental hospital.

The history of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) suggests that

our system of psychiatric diagnoses has resulted in part from a series of political fights.

How did pre-modern societies typically cope with an individual who would be considered mentally ill by today's standards?"

The person would live on the family farm and tend to the animals.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies Freud's theories?

A person attends psychotherapy to cure his mental illness.

According to Goffman, persons who are treated in large mental hospitals typically experience a change in their self-concept, eventually identifying as a "mental patient." This is called

mortification

Once an individual seeks treatment for psychiatric problems, doctors typically

assume that the individual has a mental illness.

What was the ACA's impact on mental health care?

Those without health insurance gained access to public mental health services.

Following the development of capitalism,

religious control over persons we might now label mentally ill declined.

Alfred goes to the doctor with stomach pain. The doctor performs an examination and orders an ultrasound. Alfred is required to pay the bill for these services up front and then request reimbursement from the insurance provider. This is an example of

fee-for-service insurance.

A patient goes to a hospital complaining of back pain. After performing blood work and an x-ray, the doctor thinks she has a diagnosis but would like to do a CT scan to be sure. However, the insurance company denies coverage of the test, saying it is not necessary. This is an example of

managed care.

Why did the Health Care Security Act of 1993 fail?

Insurance companies vigorously opposed it.

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

requires insurers to offer coverage to individuals with pre-existing health problems.

The changes the Trump administration has made to the ACA have led to all of the following EXCEPT that

more Americans have health insurance.

Which of the following is a reason that health care costs are rising?

We have high administration costs because we don't have a centralized system.

Prices for prescription drugs have soared because of

increased use of direct to consumer marketing.

Which of the following is true?
a. Medical journals will not publish articles on drug research funded by the pharmaceutical industry.
b. Doctors cannot legally prescribe a drug as treatment for a given condition unless it has been scientifically tested for that specific condition.
c. Pharmaceutical companies cannot legally market a new and expensive drug unless it differs substantially from older, less expensive drugs.
d. University-based medical researchers do not accept research funding from the pharmaceutical industry.
e. None of these are true.

None of these are true.

Which of the following countries spends the most per capita on health care?

United States

If the United States adopted the Canadian health care system, it is likely that

the total cost of health care in the US would fall dramatically.

Which of the following has played the greatest role in contributing to rising health care costs in the United States?

the unusually high administrative costs of its health care system

Compared to persons who have health insurance, uninsured persons

are more likely to die in any given year.

Hawaii's experiences with health care reform suggest the advantages of

a single-payer health care system.

In 1965 an amendment to the Social Security Act of 1935 established two new forms of government provided health insurance. They are

Medicare and Medicaid

Which of the following countries does not guarantee health care to its citizens?

United States

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) attempted to address

consumer choice.

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to occur to a patient in Germany?

Marie understands she has the option of purchasing health insurance.

Which of the following is the most serious problem in the Canadian health care system?

waiting times for non-emergency care

Compared to US citizens, Canadians have

longer life expectancy

Which of the following contradictions characterizes Canada's health care system?

It is a single-payer system, but it is also decentralized.

General practitioners in Great Britain
a. typically work in group practices.
b. receive financial supplements if they practice in underserved areas.
c. are paid by capitation.
d. receive financial supplements for immunizing more than a certain percentage of children in their practice.
e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is true?
a. Health care is rationed in Great Britain but not in the United States.
b. Health care is rationed in the United States but not in Great Britain.
c. Health care is rationed in both the United States and Great Britain.
d. Health care is rationed in neither the United States nor Great Britain.

Health care is rationed in both the United States and Great Britain.

Has the Democratic Republic of the Congo undergone epidemiological transition?

No, because preventable diseases like cholera and malaria are still rampant.

Infant mortality and life expectancy in China are now

only slightly below those of the industrialized nations.

Life expectancy in Mexico is

only slightly lower than in the United States.

Which of the following can make it difficult to control a nation's health care costs?

the presence of many different health insurance providers

The U.S. can benefit from which of the experiences of health care in other countries?
a. limination of private insurers in Canada
b. establishing a national fee schedule in Canada
c. centralizing control of the health care system in Britain
d. restricting doctors to salaried practices in Britain.
e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Health insurance that covers all medically necessary services, is universal, portable, and accessible to all regardless of ability to pay can be found in

Canada

During the first half of the 19th century, hospitals differed from almshouses because

almshouses were run by paid staff, whereas hospitals were run by volunteers.

By the late 19th century,

doctors began pushing for access to hospital facilities for medical technology and surgery.

In recent years, hospitals have addressed financial concerns by

merging with other hospitals.

Which of the following most closely resembles the average nursing home resident today?

A White woman over the age of 75.

US citizens who need nursing home care

often become impoverished as a result.

Timothy Diamond uses the phrase "commodification" to refer to the process of

thinking of nursing home residents and workers in economic terms.

Which of the following is a result of commodification?

keeping nursing home residents strapped to chairs during the day

Hospice care disproportionately serves

patients with cancer.

Which of the following is true of modern hospice care?

The majority of hospices are for profit.

Which of the following has contributed to the rise in home care?

the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill

Which statement most accurately reflects the reality of family caregiving?

"Caring for my disabled son is the hardest thing I have ever done, but also the most rewarding."

The U.S. supports family caregiving by

allowing up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from work annually to care for family members for full-time, permanent employees.

Which treatment would most likely occur in a modern US hospital?

giving IV antibiotics to a person with pneumonia

Which of the following is not a technology?

fruit salads with high vitamin C content

The history of CPR illustrates

Americans' discomfort with the inevitability of sudden death.

According to sociologists, technology is

a tool adopted for a variety of cultural and medical reasons.

An 87-year-old woman has advanced heart disease. A triple bypass is likely to extend her life by at least 6 months, but the recovery from that surgery would be difficult, so the doctor recommends against the surgery. This is an example of

passive euthanasia.

In the 19th century, it was more likely that a woman would die in childbirth at a hospital than giving birth at home with a midwife because

midwives' hands tended to be cleaner due to the performance of chores like laundry.

Nineteenth century allopathic medical schools

trained students primarily through lectures.

The Flexner Report

described the poor facilities and lax requirements of many medical schools.

Respect for allopathic medicine had grown by the year 1900 because


a. Americans increasingly defined health care as complex matter requiring expert intervention.


b. Americans increasingly believed in the benefits of science.


c. most were white men of high status.

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d. they had eliminated most of their competitors.

e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Compared to conditions in 1900, by the late 1920s

the quality of medical training had improved considerably.

Which two conflicting trends are happening at the same time?

Americans trust the health care system less as their trust in their own doctors remains high.

All of the following have threatened medical dominance EXCEPT

the decline of public health.

Since the 1960s,

the percentage of health care institutions owned by investor-owned corporations has increased.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a practice protocol?

A doctor must try a less costly therapy prior to scheduling a patient for bypass surgery.

The AMA's power has declined in part because of

the significant percentage of doctors who choose not to join.

Doctors have lost public support because


a. fewer patients have long-term connections to primary care physicians.

b. patients have to change doctors more often because of changes in insurance plans.

c. frequent news stories of medical errors.

d. patients have access to medical websites.

e. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Graduating medical students

can expect an average debt of $190,000.

Which scenario would be most likely to occur in medical education?

A female student is told by a superior that medicine is not a female occupation.

The ways in which medical residents talk about patients sometimes suggest that residents

view displays of emotions as weakness.

All of the following would be said by a medical student who is learning medical values EXCEPT:

"I won't prescribe that drug because the research shows it's not effective."

Medical culture stresses that doctors should

value clinical experience more than scientific knowledge.

A doctor who strongly believes in the core medical values described in your textbook would be most likely to

become a surgeon.

All of the following exemplify how gender, race, and class impact doctors' interactions with patients EXCEPT:

A White patient with diabetes has his leg amputated, and a Black patient with diabetes does not.

In the early 20th century,

nursing schools regarded student nurses as a cheap source of labor.

Which of the following is an example of the gender stereotyping that was prevalent in the early years of nursing?

A nurse's demands for respect and higher wages is deemed "unladylike."

Sociologists consider nurses semi-professionals, rather than professionals, because

nurses have considerable autonomy, status, and training, but remain subordinate to doctors.

Which of the following exemplifies the effect of corporatization?

Margaret, the charge nurse at a hospital, has seen significant decreases in nurse satisfaction ratings.

Optometrists have obtained considerable social status by limiting their treatments to only one part of the body. This suggests that optometry is a

limited but not marginal occupation.

The history of osteopathy suggests how difficult it is to

maintain an independent and unique identity while becoming a parallel profession.

Over the years, chiropractors have

improved their status by increasing educational standards for entry into the field.

Was the AMA's attempt to fight the status of chiropractic successful?

No, because the demand to improve training standards ended up strengthening chiropractic practice.

Parents' decisions against vaccinating their children

have led to outbreaks of measles in the United States.

Which of the following helped doctors gain control over childbirth?

Popular prejudice against immigrants, women, and non-whites.

Which of the following is true?


a. Direct-entry midwives typically work at local clinics.


b. With low-risk populations, home birth conducted by experienced direct-entry midwives is as safe as doctor-attended hospital births.

c. Babies delivered by direct-entry midwives are significantly more likely to die than babies delivered by obstetricians.

d. Direct-entry midwifery is illegal in all 50 states.

e. Direct-entry midwifery is legal in all 50 states.

With low-risk populations, home birth conducted by experienced direct-entry midwives is as safe as doctor-attended hospital births.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be said by a patient of Curanderos?

"I see a Curandero because I am not a citizen, and I'm afraid if I go to the hospital I will be deported."

Which of the following is true?


a. Acupuncturists believe that illness can be cured by blocking chi.

b. No scientific evidence supports the use of acupuncture.

c. In most states, licensure laws forbid doctors from using acupuncture unless they have trained specifically in that field.

d. Doctors have worked to strip acupuncture of its grounding in traditional Chinese medical philosophy.

e. Acupuncturists work primarily with wealthy clients.

Doctors have worked to strip acupuncture of its grounding in traditional Chinese medical philosophy.

When doctors first began medicalizing pregnancy, many women welcomed the change because it

offered guilt-free access to painkillers.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The AMA first adopted a code of ethics in 1970.

b. The public responded with horror to news of Dr. Sims' experiments on slave women.

c. The Nazi philosophy was grounded in part in eugenics.

d. The eugenics movement never gained a foothold in the United States.

e. From the start, most German doctors opposed the Nazis.

The Nazi philosophy was grounded in part in eugenics.

All of the following were true of the Nazi's eugenics laws EXCEPT:

The Nazis' eugenics policies weakened as they rose to power and other nations became aware of them.

In both the Willowbrook Hepatitis study and the Tuskegee Syphilis study, participants and the parents of participants agreed to participate in the study and were given treatment by medical professionals. Were the principles of the Nuremberg code violated in these studies?

Yes, because in both cases, participants were denied treatment or prevention of a disease so that researchers could observe it.

All of the following helped bring about the rise of bioethics EXCEPT

the Nuremburg Trials.

During the 1960s, hospital selection committees

typically decided who would receive kidney dialysis based in part on social criteria.

The Willowbrook Hepatitis study and the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment:

were similar, because they finally ended after the studies were exposed in the media.

Which of the following is an example of implicit rationing of health care?

A patient cannot get bypass surgery to avoid a heart attack because they are uninsured and cannot afford it.

The main sociological concern regarding the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study and the Tuskegee Syphilis study would be

that both groups of participants were chosen because they had less social power and status.

The Tuskegee Syphilis study is considered racist because

it hypothesized that African Americans and Whites were impacted differently by syphilis.

Critics of the bioethics movement argue that

the committees mostly protect the legal interests of researchers and clinicians, rather than patients.

Research on the impact of the bioethics movement suggests that doctors

can assert their discretion over patient care despite rules of patient autonomy.

Institutional Review Boards have impacted medical research in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

the elimination of all ethical abuses in research

The Karen Quinlan case demonstrated the problems caused when doctors

extend life without regard to the quality of that life.